Almost all Catholic priests were biblically illiterate, so one wonders who these so-called true believers were and how were they reading Gods Word to the point of wearing it out. by Dr. James Murdock. He is currently helping set up a bible college in Southern Africa . An examination of the 16th century critical text the textus receptus v the Westcott and Hort 19th century Critical text. (2.20), The reading is to be preferred that best conforms to the usual style of the author and to that authors material in other passages. Certainty is increased if such a better manuscript is found also to be an older manuscript (2.32-33) and if such a manuscript habitually contains reading that prove themselves antecedent to mixture and independent of external contamination by other, inferior texts (2.150-51). Westcott and Hort began their work in 1853 and finished it in 1881, working for twenty-eight years independently of each other, yet frequently comparing notes. Brooke Foss Westcott and John Maurice Schulhof, eds., Saint Pauls Epistle to the Ephesians: The Greek Text with Notes and Addenda, Classic Commentaries on the Greek New Testament (London; New York: The Macmillan Company, 1909), v. Brooke Foss Westcott and Arthur Westcott, eds., The Gospel according to St. John Introduction and Notes on the Authorized Version, Classic Commentaries on the Greek New Testament (London: J. Murray, 1908), v. Brooke Foss Westcott, ed., The Epistles of St. John: The Greek Text with Notes and Essays, 4th ed., Classic Commentaries on the Greek New Testament (London; New York: Macmillan, 1902), v. Brooke Foss Westcott, ed., The Epistle to the Hebrews the Greek Text with Notes and Essays, 3d ed., Classic Commentaries on the Greek New Testament (London: Macmillan, 1903). Other items we sell to help fund our expensive literature and foreign church planting ministries. To learn more about Bible versions and the many problems with modern translations, consider the following: David Otis Fuller, D. D. Which Bible Grand Rapids International Publications, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49501, David Otis Fuller, D. D. Counterfeit Or Genuine Mark 16? The New International Version (NIV) first published in 1978. claims to be based on the Nestle-Aland Greek Text, which is similar to. In their fourth argument, Burgon, Miller, and Scrivener maintained that the Byzantine text-type was actually older and superior to the Alexandrian text-type. That the traditional text was intrinsically superior was more nearly a matter of subjective opinion; but extensive comparison of text-types has left most scholars convinced that the late text [Byzantine] is in general inferior, not superior.[4], The Alexandrian text, which Westcott and Hort called the Neutral text (a question-begging title), is usually considered to be the best text and the most faithful in preserving the original. [7] The minuscules play a minimal role in this edition. Brooke Foss Westcott(18251901) andFenton John Anthony Hort(18281892) were nineteenth-century theologians and Bible and textual scholars. The KJV was a superb translation for its day. According to Bruce M. Metzger, the general validity of their critical principles and procedures is widely acknowledged by scholars today. In 1981 Metzger said. Other translations such as the New Revised Standard Version, New English Bible, Contemporary English Version and Jerusalem Bible also include Evangelical, Bible-believing scholars and many others all of whom have the highest academic credibility. Burgon, Miller, and Scrivener in their third argument continued with the belief that it would be foolish to set aside thousands of manuscript witnesses (the Byzantine text-type) for a few supposedly early manuscript witnesses (the Alexandrian text-type). Princeton University Press' book, The Christian Socialist Revival (1968, Peter d'A Jones) says B.F. Westcott was "a mystic" (p. 179). Characteristics of the Alexandrian text are brevity and austerity. You are welcome to make copies of these at your own expense and share them with friends and family, but they cannot be posted to web sites. However, this material may be freely used for personal study or research purposes. Textual Criticism. Westcott & Hort's The New Testament in the Original Greek, 2009 Literal Translation of the Original Greek New Testament, Greek-English Interlinear with Strong's Concordance Numbering System, Color-Coded, Exhaustive Lexical Number Map with Grammatical Notes, Dr. Strong's Original Greek Dictionary & Abridged Thayer's Greek Lexicon, All Text Carefully Proofread and Coded into Quick-Loading, Simple HTML. To ignore these developments is to switch off our brains; now, we dont want to do that do we? Westcott. They passed by the Traditional Text (Textus Receptus) which was the text upon which the King James Version is based. baseline is the original Greek and Hebrew, so what we compare all versions to is the best text we can produce, our favourite translation. 2:16, Col. 2:9). How do you explain the differences in the manuscripts? We know now that the Greek of the New Testament was common or koine Greek which was the Greek of Alexander the Great, a common, or marketplace Greek. has caused great harm to the Christian Church; it confuses people. or condemn the translators as the spawn of Satan or Lucifers dupes as I have read on occasion. Masoretic, DSS, Majority Text, Aramaic Peshitta. Revised from the public domain JPS 1917 edition, and placed together with a revised edition of the Hebrew Roots New Testament (based on Hebrew and Aramaic sources) each with useful footnotes, and an informative preface to the whole work. John Tancock December 12, 2015. Testament, testifies that the last 12 verses of Mark do not exist. But, except for three or four editors who timidly corrected some of the more blatant errors of the Textus Receptus, this debased form of the New Testament text was reprinted in edition after edition. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 3900 Sparks Drive SE, Grand Rapids . It goes without saying that no Bible-believing Christian who is willing to extend the implications of his faith to textual matters can have the slightest grounds for confidence in contemporary critical texts (emphasis added) (Zane C. Hodges, Rationalism and Contemporary New Testament Textual Criticism, Bibliotheca Sacra, January 1971, p. 35).Zane Hodges is not a fundamental Baptist, but I believe he is more honest about the influence of Westcott and Hort upon modern textual scholarship than James White. A textual critic is one who picks and chooses what part of whose story they will believe to be true. They assume some are just more easy to read than others. Riplinger, pg 625. No Christian truth is affected by any of the variations of translation due to textual differences. Almost all of the Bible translations since the late 19th century - for. Masoretic Text, various critical editions of the Greek text (i.a. However, Westcott and Hort's work was not perfect. An extensive comparison of the TR against the WH text, the Nestles Text, the UBS text, and key English versions was done by the late Everett Fowler and can be found in his book Evaluating Versions of the New Testament, available from Bible for Today. The Western text-type is much older, but tends to paraphrase, so according to the critical text view also lacks dependability. The difference with Westcott and Hort is, they had an interest and the subject of the called that they investigated and then rejected later in life, which we would call repentance and turning away from the wrongdoing, while John Calvin held onto his radical beliefs up until the time of his death. (18281892) are mentioned regularly in relation to the Greek text of the NT. The fact is that the United Bible Societies (UBS) text is almost identical to the W-H text of 1881 IN SIGNIFICANT DEPARTURES FROM THE RECEIVED TEXT. No Christian truth is affected by any of the variations of translation due to textual differences. . I find in the fact of the Incarnation all that man (so far as I can see) requires for life and hope.[7]. God has been gracious to us in that when there were voices contesting the authenticity of the OT record the dead sea scrolls were discovered. In fact they had no Greek at all for part of the book of Revelation so they had to conjecturally amend (make a best guess) what the section actually said. - www.wayoflife.org. They determined to replace the King James Bible and the Greek Textus Receptus. Codex Bezae (D). At this point we have entered the realm of textual criticism. in front of those who oppose historic Christianity and know the facts. Until recently the two chief witnesses to the Alexandrian text were codex Vaticanus (B) and codex Sinaiticus (), parchment manuscripts dating from about the middle of the fourth century. Masoretic Text, Textus Receptus (Estienne 1550), The Living TorahandThe Living Nach. [7] Westcott, B.F. (July 1893). Naturally so because they were Greek textual scholars. Westcott-Hort influence most "modern" translations, even if they don't follow exactly the full changes Westcott-Hort made (NIV more, NASB less). Westcott and Hort, in turn, were rationalists in their approach to the textual problem in the New Testament and employed techniques within which rationalism and every other kind of bias are free to operate. Since WH, further discoveries and knowledge have meant the eclectic text we have now is even more accurate than back then. And what do we know about these men who made themselves the judges over Gods holy Word? Versions / 1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament (WHNU) Publisher: Public Domain. They follow the type of text found in the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus, which the Reformation era Greek editors believed was a doctrinally corrupt text that was modified during the theological battles occurring in the two centuries after the apostles. King James Only Resource, EDWARD D. ANDREWS (AS in Criminal Justice, BS in Religion, MA in Biblical Studies, and MDiv in Theology) is CEO and President of Christian Publishing House. Revision of the Revised Standard Version. In his excellent history of the KJV, Gordon Campbell points out that the Geneva Bible, which preceded the KJV was used long after the KJV had been published by such notaries as Lancelot Andrewes, Richard Hooker, John Whitgift, and William Laud (Bible, p. 27, Oxford University Press, 2010). Jun 29, 2006. in front of those who oppose historic Christianity, . We can conclude that any modern translation that uses majestic, literary or grand language is not generally reflecting the text and style of the Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. It is better to trust in the LORD than to put confidence in man. Ps. In short, the Westcott and Hort theory states that the Bible is to be treated as any other book would be. This combination of claim and quote comes from the July/August 1993 issue of Battle Cry, the newspaper put out by Jack Chick. There are various groupings of texts. The World English Bible (WEB) is a Public Domain (no copyright) Modern English translation of the Holy Bible. In the early years of this century Kirsopp Lake described Horts work as a failure, though a glorious one. So, why reject efforts to do so with the 1881 English Revised Version (ERV), the 1901 American Standard Version (ASV), the 1952 Revised Standard Version (RSV), the 1995 New American Standard Bible (NASB), the 2001 English Standard Version (ESV), and the forthcoming Updated American Standard Version (UASV)? Soden's edition stands much closer to the text of Tischendorf than to the text of Westcott and Hort. The only exception in the NASB and . What I write here is not an attack on the KJV it is an attempt to show how God continues to give us more knowledge and information which we must value and appreciate. He has travelled there 22 times. Westcott and Hort. Can his verdict be true? I think his arguments are solid. Translators of the Bible over the years have used these agreeing manuscripts to make what is called the MAJORITY TEXT. (not fools for Christ, just fools!) When the modern Bible reader is asked if they are familiar with the two Textual Bible Critics, Westcott and Hort, most have never heard of them. (4) If there are no textual differences in the 4,000 Byzantine texts (which there are), what was the Word of God before the fifth-century Byzantine text of Codex Alexandrinus (400-440 A.D.)? These men were hereticks. . and it progressed into the most corrupt period for the Church (priests to the popes: stealing, sexual sins, torture, and murder); so much so, it ends with the Reformation. 2) They denied the Genesis account of creation and questioned whether Eden ever existedInstead they praised Darwins 1859 theory of evolution. [6] Riplinger, G. A. A. Hort (1828-1892), the towering pioneers of the textual criticism of the Greek New Testament. False claim #1: Writing that his father had a lifelong faith in what for lack of a better name, one must call Spiritualism, the son of famed biblical Greek text editor B. F. Westcott admits to considerable public alarm at his fathers activity. (Jack Chick,Battle Cry,July/August 1993 issue). The result of it all is a methodological quagmire where objective controls on the conclusions of critics are nearly nonexistent. In 1844 part of another old manuscript (Codex Sinaiticus) was found in a wastebasket in St. Catheriness monastery (the other part was found in 1859). Secondly, it was one of two reasons heceasedto interest himself in the the matters the Guild was involved in, shortly after it was formed (notice Chick and Riplinger both falsely use the word lifelong). For example, the witness Codex Vatican B (one of the five), a Greek manuscript of the New Patristic Quotations of the New Testament, Part 2 The Flood to the Deliverance From Egypt, Part 3-Deliverance From Egypt to Israels First King, Part 4 Israels First King to Captivity in Babylon, Part 5-Captivity in Babylon to the Completion of the Book of Malachi, Part 6-From Malachi to the Birth of Jesus, Part 8-Jesus Resurrection to death of the Apostle John. By Ann Spangler, The Names of God Bible restores the transliterations of ancient namessuch as Yahweh, El Shadday, El Elyon, and Adonayto help the reader better understand the rich meaning of Gods names that are found in the original Hebrew and Aramaic text. (Eclectic means to select or employ individual elements from a variety of sources, systems, or styles.). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright APOSTOLIC INFORMATION SERVICE, Modern Bible Versions, and Westcott and Hort (27-5), Beyond the Bake Sale: Cool Fundraising Ideas for Ladies Ministry (27-5), What does the Number 26 Mean in the Bible? Even the casual reader of the Bible, if he were to compare a modern translation (NIV) with the KJV, will easily find numerous differences between the two (Consider Revelation 1:11, Heb. - DNA in the Bible, Secret to Church Growth by Tim Massengale, Church Growth Must be Intentional by Tim Massengale, Faith Goal Setting Only Works When You Do It By Tim Massengale, Home Bible Study Success By Tim Massengale, Relationship Evangelism by Tim Massengale, Key Elements of Church Growth by Tim Massengale. Tyndales other Old Testament work went into the Matthews Bible (1537). The same principles apply to groups of manuscripts (2.260-61). I would venture to say that their doctrinal positions are not perfect, especially when they were younger because no one has perfect doctrinal positions. As the old saying goes, Eat the meat. [8] What was the inerrant word of God in the second and third centuries AD before the development of the Byzantine text? The new Christian Standard Bible (CSB) is a major revision of the 2009 edition of theHolman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB). Tregelles, Tischendorf, Westcott and Hort). John is married to Janet they have three grown up children and two grandogs. Please note that neither Westcott nor Hort believed that the Bible was Gods Word. That is, it is generally shorter than the text of other forms, and it does not exhibit the degree of grammatical and stylistic polishing that is characteristic of the Byzantine type of text. Of course, I think they gave too much weight to Codex Vaticanus alone, and this needs to be tempered. [5] In this they followed one of the primary principles of their fledgling textual criticism, lectio brevior, sometimes taken to an extreme, as in the theory of Western non-interpolations, which has since been rejected. So in modern, more reliable, translations we lose 1 John 5:7, ( not in any Greek NT manuscript before 1500) and 1 Tim 3:16, . The climax of this restoration era goes to the immediate successors of these men, the two English Bible scholars B. F. Westcott and F. J. Were those translators wrong? Codex Ephraemi (C) Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The Westcott-Hort text is an eclectic text. Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition, Masoretic Text (Biblia Hebraica), Textus Receptus Greek text, Popular Messianic Translation by the Institute for Scripture Research, This version is based on a limited 3000 word vocabulary and everyday sentence structure it is also known as the Plain English Bible, the International English Bible, and the God Chasers Extreme New Testament. 2.5-6, 31), Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses. Many modern versions like the New International Version (450 million copies worldwide), English Standard Version, Holman Christian Standard Bible, New Living Translation, New Century Version, Amplified Bible, New English Translation and New American Standard Bible have been produced by the finest Bible believing scholars in the world. Black-Blue [may be neuter, masculine, or masculine-feminine], underlined [the adjective or participle verb points to a plural subject], [single brackets] [accepted in the primary reading], [[double brackets]][rejected in the primary reading], apostrophes (') [the transliterated noun is plural], For further details and most recent edition, visit:The Literal Translation of the Greek New Testament, Drs. #3. Brooke FossWestcott(18251901) and Fenton John AnthonyHort(18281892) are mentioned regularly in relation to the Greek text of the NT. It follows the edition of Seligman Baer except for the books of Exodus to Deuteronomy, which never appeared in Baers edition. The one who writes the earliest manuscripts.. is the man we call a textual critic. Westcott and Hort did what was unthinkable..they picked through five Greek texts which did not agree with each other, and came up with a new revised Greek version of the Bible. For these, we're using KJV and NKJV as examples of Textus Receptus, and as a representative of Westcott-Hort, the NIV (and also the NASB or the New American Standard Bible). Informally referred to as WH they produced the WH text of the New Testament. A study Bible with a modern English translation of the Scriptures from their original languages. Any man who discounts the continuing significance of Westcott-Hort in the field of Bible texts and versions is probably trying to throw up a smoke screen to hide something. (Textual scholars use the abbreviation "WH".) Read online Bible study, search parallel bibles, cross reference verses, compare translations & post comments in bible commentaries at qBible.com. Much of our material is available for free, such as the hundreds of articles at the Way of Life web site. New Age Bible Versions. Which Bible do you think is more reliable? You can support this vital work so we can help us train Christians, equip churches, and reach the lost. What Can We Do to Establish Faith In the Restored Text of the New Testament? In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Alexandrian text-type is one of the main text types. This is the version of the Jehovahs Witnesses published by the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. A fresh translation/paraphrase into contemporary language and idiom by Eugene Peterson. They will leave discussions with us knowing we will not face up to the facts available in the manuscripts. So our modern Bibles today have been translated by men who make themselves judges. This text type is called Byzantine and most of its copies can be sourced to Constantinople. Jehovahs Witness Discussion Techniques: How to Meet Them. To start with a doctrine and then correct or prefer a Bible translation because of it is, frankly, the wrong way around!! B. F. Westcott wrote, A corrupted Bible is a sign of a corrupt church, a Bible mutilated or imperfect, a sign of a church not yet raised to complete perfection of the truth. (The Bible in the Church, 1864, 1875) The reader can determine for himself or herself if it is mere coincidence that as the church grew corrupt, the most corrupt manuscript of all grew right along with it for a thousand years. | christianhuls, Older readings, manuscripts, or groups are to be preferred. This Bible version is now Public Domain worldwide due to copyright expiration except in the United Kingdom due to crown letters patent until 2039. It must be replaced by a new translation from texts that they considered to be older and better. They started the "Ghostly Guild" in 1851 and before that the "Hermes Club" in 1845. 2. (2.49-50). This critical Greek text is the foundation text of the Nestle-Aland Greek Text and the United Bible Societies Greek text. We should note that the above quote was made much later in the life of Wescott. It kept the KJV style language but was much more accurate. My fatherceasedto interest himself in these matters, not altogether, I believe, fromwant offaith in what, for lack of a better name, one must call Spiritualism, but becausehe was seriously convinced that such investigations led to no good. (Life and Letters of Brooke Foss Westcott, Vol. This criticism aside, the Westcott and Hort text is extremely reliable. Thus, the idea of true believers wearing out manuscripts is ludicrous. . Masoretic Text,Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament. Apologetic Defense of the faith, the Bible, and Christianity, Please Support the Bible Translation Work for the Updated American Standard Version (UASV) http://www.uasvbible.org. Burkitt. MODERN TEXTUAL CRITICISM IS PSYCHOLOGICALLY ADDICTED TO WESTCOTT AND HORT. Have you read my 644 page book: FROM SPOKEN WORDS TO SACRED TEXTS: Introduction-Intermediate New Testament Textual Studies, Please Help Us Keep These Thousands of Blog Posts Free for All. Now take your Bibles and look at Mark 16:9-20. - Receive these reports by email Instead of simply translating what the majority of witnesses agree to, they translate from their own fancy, the false witness of the five. Tanakh (Old Testament), Masoretic Text (Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, 1983), Textus Receptus, Maintains Jewish context of the entire Bible, using Hebrew names for God and Jesus, and translating Hebrew names of people and places. 1. p. 11. cited in May, James. By the same token, most have rid themselves of the ancient King James Version and upgraded for a newer model, such as the NIV, or NASB, etc. This text has only a few changes of the original. You will note it is not included in almost all modern translations. They might argue, My Bible says the earliest manuscripts do not have this verse! But does this reader know of the thousands of other manuscripts which do contain this verse?
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