The purpose of this resource is to explore rubric creation and scoring to better understand rubric use in schools and classrooms. %PDF-1.3 % When teachers collaborate to design, implement, andscore performance assessments, they are more likely For this performance task, students will analyze how an author uses imagery and symbolism to reveal a theme in a novel. You can edit the text in this area, and change where the contact form on the right submits to, by entering edit mode using the modes on the bottom right. Then, analyze data by different groups of students. Make Observations about the Student Work (5 minutes) Make a list of non-evaluative observations and descriptions about the student work. hbbba`b``i ` endstream endobj 72 0 obj <>>>/Lang(en-US)/MarkInfo<>/Metadata 7 0 R/OpenAction 73 0 R/Outlines 3 0 R/PageLayout/SinglePage/Pages 6 0 R/StructTreeRoot 9 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 73 0 obj <> endobj 74 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Thumb 5 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 75 0 obj [76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] endobj 76 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[210.645 27.8024 353.198 18.1143]/StructParent 6/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 77 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[185.28 546.191 409.424 532.573]/StructParent 1/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 78 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[185.28 519.791 272.476 506.173]/StructParent 2/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 79 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[425.19 466.809 510.125 456.905]/StructParent 3/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 80 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[172.0 456.809 505.468 446.905]/StructParent 4/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 81 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[172.0 446.809 228.134 436.905]/StructParent 5/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 82 0 obj [/ICCBased 100 0 R] endobj 83 0 obj <>stream WebAuthor: Student Achievement Partners. 0000011568 00000 n Copyright 2023 The President and Fellows of Harvard College. The first step of a protocol analysis is to obtain, and then transcribe, a verbal protocol. 0000005813 00000 n %%EOF Review your course learning objectives and goals. 0000002706 00000 n trailer <<7E98B5D7F49645E0B786B78BF99201B2>]/Prev 71678/XRefStm 1575>> startxref 0 %%EOF 119 0 obj <>stream Build assessment literacy. H\@w+t%dkg%8y c)>SS$Z3v7Lvfwn 0000018785 00000 n 0000016111 00000 n The purpose of this resource isto help practitioners to reflect on question(s) of assessment practice, the Common Core State Standards, and WebbsDepth of Knowledge (DoK) framework by analyzing student assessment work. 229 0 obj <> endobj xref 0000025468 00000 n After educators assess the effectiveness of their actions, they can both identify needed adjustments to their plan and determine the focus for the next cycle of collaborative inquiry. Teachers and leaders are spending more time than ever focused on improving student writing. @U;9 @4T D' endstream endobj 118 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[9 62]/Length 20/Size 71/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Boston, MA, 02115 0000055382 00000 n 2. In the Act phase, teams articulate how they will learn and employ high-leverage strategies to address their problem, and how they will assess the extent to which the plan improved outcomes they care about. WebA conversation for looking at student work to norm to a rubric and determine instructional next steps. 0000014191 00000 n WebThe Data Wise Improvement Process is an eight-step model that guides teams of educators from schools or systems in working collaboratively to improve teaching and learning through evidence-based analysis. Analysis of Student Work Tool. Part of your stipend requirements are the completion of protocols submission forms. What does it mean to annotate my curriculum? We explain how to perform the analysis step-by-step in both Python and R, and we provide online tutorials with detailed instructions available at https://ccc-protocols.readthedocs.io/. 0000006146 00000 n 0000001272 00000 n , Look at your formative assessments as being good information for everyone, and ever-changing. 0000007789 00000 n 0000002009 00000 n 0000015979 00000 n trailer <]/Prev 107823/XRefStm 1661>> startxref 0 %%EOF 206 0 obj <>stream 0000019368 00000 n 0000004849 00000 n What is the first step in student work analysis protocol? 0000007221 00000 n Student work exemplars . Look for patterns and trends. 2. WebBest Ever: a Constructivist Protocol Blind Count Blind Polygon Block Party Blooming Questions Broken Squares Chalk Talk Chalk Talk for Youth Engagement Change Activity 0000012338 00000 n But in order to develop strong writers, we need to have a clear picture of our students as readers, too. Then, analyze data for individual students. 0000023239 00000 n Plan individual instructional intervention. WebAnalyzing data is an important first step. Student Work the students response to the task. 0000002051 00000 n Observation is another method for gathering data. 0000005204 00000 n This assessment provides students with the timely, specific feedback that they need to make adjustments to their learning. 0000019353 00000 n Tasks are evaluated by peers against QPA's Guidlines for Common Tasks. Web5 Steps for Making a Work Analysis Step 1: Create a Word File. By organizing student work along a progression of learning that includes both reading comprehension and writing skills, we can identify trends and devise targeted instructional strategies to give students the support they need to be successful. STEP 4: Analyze the Collection of Student Work: After individual work has been (Eds.). The steps occur in three phases. WordPress Download Manager - Best Download Management Plugin. WebOverview. This protocol can be used with performance assessments as well astraditional assessments. %PDF-1.7 % 0000009617 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n Webbased on analysis of their work. 0000000016 00000 n Teacher. (5 min) The group listens to the teachers stated CfS, then accepts or revises those CfS. What science concepts will students learn by the end of the unit. 0000003518 00000 n WebPatterns in Student Work: This protocol is a helpful way to step into the process of looking at student work as staff. 0000004432 00000 n Explain that the purpose of the protocol is to look at a particular set of data with new eyes. Information about student learning can be assessed through both direct and indirect measures. Assessment for learning is ongoing assessment that allows teachers to monitor students on a day-to-day basis and modify their teaching based on what the students need to be successful. Teachers and leaders are spending more time than ever focused on improving student writing. 0000001575 00000 n 0000002484 00000 n Santa Cruz Model: Analysis of Student Work Tool. mj;S?dEtmq~y7/Y]g|y{ZwCxS~8qaVh54e|s>u+ L{ul05)d"+Wcri.xnVq9^qHx.Z__iz5[VWUVZjU%u ]QWB-CooQ=BOS)x 0000040862 00000 n 0000010159 00000 n WebStudent Work Analysis Protocol (continued) E. Identifying Instructional Next Steps After diagnosing what the student knows and still needs to learn, discuss as a team the learning needs for the students in each level considering the following questions: Based on the teams diagnosis of the students performance: 5 Whys for Root Cause Analysis Steps Description 1. Student data protocols are a series of steps for analyzing student data. Data Wise: a step-by-step guide to using assessment results to improve teaching and learning, Revised and expanded edition. Teachers looked at their own student work with more depth and analysis when it became part of the regular expected 0000006479 00000 n Schoolwide meeting agenda template and norms. The first time you use the protocol with your team, you may want to use a shared set of student writing samples in order to practice the process and calibrate your analysis. 0000046378 00000 n Web Get student work on the table and into the conversation. hbbd```b``WA$fH This protocol supports reflecting on the assignment and rubric, as well as instructional next steps for the student. The more traditional methods include the use of formal assessments, such as tests, essays, or final projects, to gather information. The steps occur in three phases. The Student Work Analysis activity is found within the Instructional Practice Toolkit, a professional learning module designed to support instruction aligned to college- and career-readiness (CCR) standards through the observation of a lesson and analysis of a lesson plan and student work samples. When we share our assessments with our colleagues, we are more likely to uncover our blindspots and assumptions. (Eds.). Step 1: Click on your name in the top right-hand corner and select Account Settings. scoring. hb``a`` ?mP+0p4 )& "`Mz`E*%d(b`Q 9a+-/8|T :H;51b|0Sf5[x#^3x;fP:z1 cdZ`32@! 0000003819 00000 n 0000008129 00000 n 0000012847 00000 n hb```b``+a`c`x @16->P (72_&Elf~=Mb The Data Wise Improvement Process is an eight-step model that guides teams of educators from schools or systems in working collaboratively to improve teaching and learning through evidence-based analysis. United States. Interacting with the instructional materials, Showing your thinking while you read and study, Identifying places where students may struggle, Highlighting, underlining, or adding stars to emphasize important, Writing questions or comments in the margins, Bracketing or circling content you want to revisit, Using ??? 0000001997 00000 n 0000008255 00000 n Step 3: Analyze student work. 0000002624 00000 n 0000015529 00000 n 0000005509 00000 n 0000015239 00000 n 0000001316 00000 n 0000019487 00000 n 0000026962 00000 n Step 4: The student subtracted the first two mixed numbers in step 3. 0000008339 00000 n 0000003379 00000 n =b> 0 gv. Students are constantly self-monitoring their own work/learning. This resource guides practitioners as they collect, prepare, and use performance assessment data to drive student achievement andquality instruction. Use It! 0000006258 00000 n 71 0 obj <> endobj xref Boudett, K. P., City, E. A., & Murnane, R. J. Approximately every two weeks, Valor teachers conduct a deep dive into how students are performing on a particular standard or skill. 0000006804 00000 n This resource outlines a five step process for teachers to collaborate as theycategorize student work and identify future learning objectives. 3. Start by analyzing data at the universal tier (by district, by school, by grade, or by class). 0000032739 00000 n All rights reserved. The next step is to take the protocol and use it to infer the subject's problem When it comes to formative assessments, looking at student work alongside other forms of data offers a more complete picture of students' skills and knowledge. 0000006322 00000 n develop understanding of the disciplinary core ideas? Tags. 0000067485 00000 n Step 2: Your assessment tools belong to your class. 229 34 0000015318 00000 n This is where we take the task to the next level to see how it works in an authentic assessment situation. But in order to develop strong writers, we need to have a clear picture of our students as readers, too. Use the following chart to analyze student work. Zonas de Confort, Riesgo y Peligro: Centro Como Construir Su Mapa de Zonas, Zones of Comfort, Risk and Danger - Constructing Your Zone Map, Zones of Comfort, Risk and Danger for Youth Engagement. 0000011211 00000 n 917 0 obj <>stream 0000022898 00000 n It is intended to be Analyzing Student Work Data Protocol (PDF) permits Twos Rivers Public Charter School in Washington, DC, to meet every student where they are within their understanding. Tags 0000013215 00000 n We do this because we want to see if the task was worded in a way 177 Huntington Ave Ste 1703 PMB 74520 0000026499 00000 n 0000019275 00000 n 0000001742 00000 n Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. WebThe steps of the protocol include: Seeing past success. Protocols used frequently in the Data Wise Improvement Process include the Affinity Mapping, Consultancy, and Compass Points protocols. When used by educators, the term student work refers to all of the assignments, products, and projects that students complete to demonstrate what they have learned. WebSTEP 3: Analyze Individual Student Work. 0000004793 00000 n Team members analyze the unit performance expectation(s) to deepen understanding of what students should know and be able to do, according to the Louisiana Student Standards for Science. 0000018092 00000 n By examining "cookie quality," educatorscan practice utilizing a rubric and following an inquiry-basedtemplate. This protocol guides users through the process ofreceivingfeedback tofine-tune tasks. 0000019431 00000 n School Reform Initiative. After all, if students are unable to understand what they read in a novel or article, its a safe bet that theyll struggle to put their ideas into writing. endstream endobj startxref WebThis protocol applies the QPA framework to develop and implement a standards-based common performance assessment, ensuring that technical quality and collaboration are built into the process. ANet is a nonprofit dedicated to the premise that every child in America deserves an excellent education and the opportunities it provides. < endstream endobj 157 0 obj <>/Metadata 23 0 R/Pages 22 0 R/StructTreeRoot 25 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 158 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 159 0 obj <>stream 0000065797 00000 n The purpose of this protocol is to ensure assessments have technical quality. WebSteps for the EQuIP Student Work Analysis Tool STEP 1: Analyze the Task The first step for a review team is to develop a clear, unbiased understanding of the task. First of all, create a Word File and state the purpose and objectives of the analysis. WebThe Steps Step 1: Analyze the Task Step 2: Analyze Alignment to the Kentucky Academic Standards in Mathematics Step 3: Implement the task Step 4: Analyze Student Work Samples Step 5: Determining Next Steps Collaborative Process Using this protocol as a team (MIT, +2 Teachers and Regional Coordinators) allows teachers the opportunity to The Student Work Analysis Tool (SWAT) is designed to analyze student responses to an CCSS or comparable college- and career ready standards aligned English language arts or mathematics task. 0000006372 00000 n 0000004180 00000 n 2016 THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE. This protocolappliesthe QPA framework to develop and implement a standards-based common performance assessment, ensuringthat technical quality and collaboration are built into the process. (2013). Assessments demonstrate individual progress and illustrate trends in the classroom as a whole. This common oral communication task can be used at any point throughout the year after at least one written work assignment has been completed. You can locate these high-leverage protocols and practices here. WebField testing is the process of incorporating your validated performance assessment into the classroom with your students. hb```f``qAbl, -D0Y0njHMh`.SmBKE'K|Xb\pP%f>rTu\*|)kT_Gq oUj^?\wPPpG:. 71 49 1. WordPress Download Manager - Best Download Management Plugin, Appreciative Inquiry: A Protocol to Support Professional Visitation, ATLAS Looking at Data - An inquiry approach for Youth Engagement, Atlas-Learning From Student Work Protocol, Barriers or Bridges: A Matter of Perspective and Attitude, Classroom Slice Day In The Life Teacher Journal, Classroom Slice of Student Work - Check List, Compass Points - North, South, East, and West for Youth Engagement, Compass Points: North, South, East, and West - An Exercise in Understanding Preferences in Group Work, Considerations for Responsive Facilitation, Consultancy - Adapted for Examining Student Work, Consultancy Protocol for Youth Engagement, Conversacion entre Maestros (Teacher Talk), Creating a Learning Community Action Plan, Cycle of Inquiry for Professional Learning Communities Activities, Defining a Learning Community by the Nature of its Work, Describing Student Work - A Slice of Writing, Developing an Understanding of the Roles of Facilitator, Presenter, and Participant, El Maestro de Kindergarten - Una Historia, Elementos Importante en las Comunidades de Aprendizaje para la Educacion Temprana, Equity Perspectives: Creating Space for Making Meaning on Equity Issues, Examining Student Work: A Constructivist Protocol, Examples of Debriefing Questions at the End of a Looking at Student Work Session, Examples of Focusing Questions for Looking at Student Work Sessions, First Ask, Then Listen How to Get Your Students To Help You Teach Them Better A Teachers Guide, Future Protocol a.k.a. Protocols create a structure for asking and responding to challenging questions, reflecting on an issue or dilemma, and gaining differing perspectives and new insights. 0000013701 00000 n Current studies indicate that teachers in schools with data-focused programs think using data improves instruction significantly. 0000005689 00000 n WebPurpose To investigate what a piece of work reveals about the student. 0000002927 00000 n student performance. Step 2: Analyze & sort student 0000017193 00000 n 0000055818 00000 n 0000029459 00000 n Weve created an efficient and effective protocol to guide teachers analysis of student writing. 0000008927 00000 n The process takes approximately one hour to complete. Student work could include research papers, essays, lab results, presentations, tests, videos, and portfolios, among many other potential products. %PDF-1.4 % Discourse I & II "T" Chart, Norms Construction - A Process of Negotiation, Norte, Sur, Este y Oeste Un ejercicio para entender las preferencias de trabajo del grupo, Notes on the Collaborative Assessment Conference, Overview of Research on Intentional Learning Communities, Facilitative Leadership, and Other Approaches to Adult Collaborative Learning, Pair Communication: Active-Listening Exercise, Peeling the Onion: Defining a Dilemma Protocol, Ping Pong Protocol: a Consultancy for Groups, Preguntas Adicionales para el Microlaboratorio, Preparing for Looking at Work - A Reflective Guide, Process of Developing Success: a Protocol for Reflection and Analysis: ATLAS Learning, Process of Developing Understanding - a Protocol for Reflection and Analysis, Professional Learning Communities Survey Exercise, Profile of A Student Activity: Alternative Students, ProMISE Protocol - Using the Courageous Conversations Compass with a Text, Protocol for Columbus Family Academy Slice, Protocolo de Analise Individual do Sucesso, Qualities of Educational Leadership Exercise, Questions and Assumptions - Adapted for Text, Questions and Assumptions - World Cafe Style, Reflection on an Experience for Youth Engagement, Reflections on Adapting or Creating Protocols, Resources for Creating Community and Building Capable People, Sample Sets of Questions for School or Grade Level Slice, Save the Last Word for ME for Youth Engagement, Some Guidelines for Learning From Student Work, Southern Maine Guide to Good Probing Questions, Standard Facilitation Steps for Learning Community Facilitators, Student Observation Protocol - Court Reporter, Success Analysis Protocol Extended Version, Success Analysis Protocol for Administrative Teams, Success Analysis Protocol for Creative Learning Communities, Success Analysis Protocol for Individuals, Success Analysis Protocol for Intentional Learning Communities, Success Analysis Protocol for Leadership Teams, Success Analysis Protocol for Youth Engagement, Success Analysis Protocol Project Version, Success Analysis ProtocolWith Reflective Questions, Suggestions for Bringing Student Work for Equity Conversations, Teaching Collaboration and Reflection to Support Project Based Learning, Text Rendering Experience for Youth Engagement, Three Levels Text Protocol for Youth Engagement, Tips for New SRI Learning Community Coaches, Together We Can Make A Difference: Classroom Design for Beginning Teambuilding, Tool for Assessing the Purposes & Features of Protocols, Tuning Protocol - Tuning a Plan for Large Groups, Tuning Protocol for Plans or Work for Youth Engagement, What a Group Leader Does: Learning, Logistics, and Longevity. 0000067745 00000 n 0000002776 00000 n achievethecore.org's digital tools and resources for teachers have been made possible by contributions from teachers across the country as well as through generous support from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust and the GE Foundation. 0000003529 00000 n 0000054839 00000 n WebThe Student Work Analysis Protocol presented here provides a process that Mentors and Beginning Teachers can use to discuss and analyze student work. Short quizzes, question and answer drills and a simple show of hands generates a certain kind of data. Step 4: Identify and discuss trends. 0000015898 00000 n field test performance tasks performance task quality task validation CCE. 0000009250 00000 n 891 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1EC8182A867D47DBA8DCBD75CB8BC5C9><7E8639DAFB4A8E44A83C70B17600F6A6>]/Index[862 56]/Info 861 0 R/Length 134/Prev 392136/Root 863 0 R/Size 918/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Planning Curriculum, Assessment, and Instruction, Center for Collaborative Education (CCE), New Hampshire Task Bank, Scoring Performance Tasks and Designing Instruction, QPA Student Work Analysis A Formative Assessment Tool, The Quality Performance Assessment (QPA) Framework, QPA Common Performance Assessment Curriculum Planning Template, Literary Analysis: Theme Expressed Through Imagery and Symbolism. Boudett, K. P., City, E. A., & Murnane, R. J. Per least three times a semester, teachers face to untersuchend their students work plus have it critiqued by a usually planning team or from one team that : As students engage with phenomena, how will they use the science and engineering practices, apply the crosscutting concepts, and. It is intended to be applicable across subjects and grades, including literacy, mathematics, science, the trailer <<321E05E1AD1741CFB0A3ED3BAD62C528>]/Prev 45967/XRefStm 1272>> startxref 0 %%EOF 262 0 obj <>stream The SWAT should identify key aspects of how performance indicates student proficiency and understanding with respect to the targeted 0000015384 00000 n trators on how to design a performance assessment system. WebEstablish expectations and action steps for what student(s) are to do as a result of the feedback . 0000006459 00000 n 0000012232 00000 n 0000027543 00000 n Students are the ones responsible for the thinking and problem-solving It is only through this diagnostic work that 0000004992 00000 n Examine the, K12 Louisiana Student Standards for Science, Appendix ALearning, to understand content from previous grades or courses. An assessment plan outlines methods and tools that define clear expectations and standards for quality in products and performances. 0000042251 00000 n WebDATA ANALYSIS PROTOCOL PROTOCOL INSTRUCTION 4. . 156 0 obj <> endobj xref 156 51 0000000016 00000 n Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press. 0000009159 00000 n This is a common task and rubric for research papers. Use this protocol on your own or with your team to analyze student work. WebThe Student Work Analysis Protocol presented here provides a process that groups of educators can use to discuss and analyze student work. Participants will be given only limited information about the data, Organize for collaborative work. The purpose of the Quality Performance Assessment (QPA)Framework is to provide guidance to teachers and adminis- You can use these sets to practice, or look at the annotations and next steps as an example. WebSteps: Setup (5 min.) 0000003234 00000 n All you need is a standards-aligned writing prompt from a literacy lesson or formative assessment,reading and writing standards, and a cross-section of student work that represents students at various points along the path to mastery of the standards. The first step of a protocol analysis is to, This protocol examines what students know and are able to do as a result of an assignment, analyzes student learning in direct relation to standard(s), assesses teacher assignments and whether they are structured to produce the desired results, and when reflected on provides suggestions for improving instruction and . Upon review of the previous All you need is a standards-aligned writing prompt from a literacy lesson or formative assessment,reading and writing standards, and a cross-section of student work that represents students at various points along the path to mastery of the standards. WebAnalyze the Work Students analyze their own work with the support of the teacher/coach. Looking at students math work using this model is instead about identifying their thought processes and following those thought lines to see if there is evidence that the student understands the underlying concepts. Teachers analyze responses on the most recent summative assessment given. However, the real impact on student achievement comes when teachers create an action plan and then use it to guide instruction, collect 0000013163 00000 n Instructional Materials & Assessment Rubrics, Instructional Practice Toolkit (IPT) & Classroom Videos, Priorities for Equitable Instruction: 2021 & Beyond, Planning and Reflecting with Culturally Relevant Pedagogy, ELA / Literacy: Text Complexity & Analysis, Supporting Equitable Literacy Instruction through Text Selection, Analysis, and Use, 06/14/17|Adjusted: 07/31/17|2 files. WebThe teacher or developer should then collect, and submit for review, multiple samples of student work that represent a range of student performance. The assumption that governs this protocol is that all work bears the imprint and signature of the author 0000008225 00000 n %PDF-1.6 % 0000007324 00000 n In conferencing with students, function as if the teacher does not own the data, but the student does. Step 3: Click New Assessment Tool to get started. Direct measures may include homework, quizzes, exams, reports, essays, research projects, case study analysis, and rubrics for oral and other performances. Professional development on interpreting assessment reports related to literacy, the schoolwide focus area. 0000014998 00000 n 0000007873 00000 n Share the task (1 minute): Read the task to your colleagues. This includes Lesson Internalization, Student Work Analysis, Lesson Rehearsal, and Lesson Observation (coaches only) protocols. You can use these sets to practice, or look at the annotations and next steps as an example. 0000001452 00000 n Looking at student work brings the focus back to a baseline understanding that all learning starts from somewhere and that improvement and growth are the real goals of school. 0000004294 00000 n Web Participants explore the assumptions that are important to making protocols work. As students arrive and/or leave the classroom, require them to demonstrate mastery of key parts of the content. Included in the set is the writing prompt and related standards, the text, student writing examples, and an analysis of the student work along with possible next steps from our Common Core team. diagnosing. Included in the set is the writing prompt and related standards, the text, student writing examples, and an analysis of the student work along with possible next steps from our Common Core team. 0000008005 00000 n 0000003098 00000 n 0000006767 00000 n 0000001661 00000 n WebFormative Analysis of Student Work Formative analysis of student work through a collaborative process allows teachers to discuss what different levels of student work look like, identify possible explanations for students performances, and discuss options for
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