which of the following was a progressive era reform

The Democrats were a minor factor in the state, but he did form coalitions with the active Socialist Party in Milwaukee. Perhaps the most significant reflection of Progressive Era reforms comes from the Constitution. New Jersey labor activist James W. Sullivan visited Switzerland in 1888 and wrote a detailed book that became a bible for reformers pushing the idea: Direct Legislation by the Citizenship Through the Initiative and Referendum (1893). The Progressive Era touched nearly every facet of American life, including labor reform, increased government regulation, and expansion of democracy. Michael J. Klarman, "The White Primary Rulings: A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking". The group had some success by 1900, as more than half the states allowed women to vote in the local elections. Wickersham to Taft August 23, 1912 in Record, p 179. Nevertheless statewide progressive movements were organized by Democrats in every Southern state. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906) was influential and persuaded America about the supposed horrors of the Chicago Union Stock Yards, a giant complex of meat processing plants that developed in the 1870s. * By 1930, the percentage of the total workforce comprised of women was larger than the total percentage of all women who worked.-------------------------------------INCORRECT: x In 1920, there were more women in the labor force than men. At the start of the 20th century, ideas of socialism and communism reached the United States. The Court agreed in 1911 and ordered the Justice Department to draw up complete reorganization plans in six months. As governor of Wisconsin, La Follette compiled a progressive record, implementing primary elections and tax reform. Tweed and his cronies took bribes and graft, where bosses skimmed money from public funds for themselves, and offered jobs with the expectation that people would return the favor. "[183], Rural schools were often poorly funded, one room operations. [159], Reformers also sought to streamline government through the introduction of the short ballot. The women's suffrage movement got its start in the 1840s with the Seneca Falls Convention led by suffragists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. During the 1880s, referendums were held at the state level to enact prohibition amendments. On the one hand, Roosevelt was acting to sabotage Taft's campaign promises. Many newspapers reprinted attacks from a flagship Democratic newspaper, The New York World, which made this trust a special target. See Answer. Its goals were to enhance efficiency, reduce waste, and enlarge the opportunities for upward social mobility. [233] Agitation for prohibition began during the Second Great Awakening in the 1840s when crusades against drinking originated from evangelical Protestants. [254][255][256], Some Progressives sponsored eugenics as a solution to excessively large or underperforming families, hoping that birth control would enable parents to focus their resources on fewer, better children. By 1897 in 11 Southern and border states the Democratic party held primaries to select candidates. Key democratic leaders were William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson, and Al Smith. LaFollette started as a traditional Republican in the 1890s, where he fought against populism and other radical movements. Senators and the first presidential primary in the United States. These amendments addressed political corruption, voting rights, and alcohol consumption. As governor of New York he promoted a range of reforms. In what ways did Progressivism include both democratic and antidemocratic impulses? There were multiple progressive amendments. [82], The South was a main target of Northern philanthropy designed to fight poverty and disease, and help the black community. A married woman is economically dependent on her husband, which strengthens the family bond. [22][23], The Progressives were avid modernizers, with a belief in science and technology as the grand solution to society's flaws. She earned her Masters degree from Fordham University in Curriculum and Instruction and a Bachelor of Arts from the College of the Holy Cross in History and Education. The most prominent organizations were the La Proteccin de la Infancia, and the National Federation of Women's Clubs.[215]. The rapidly increasing speed of automobiles, and especially trucks, made maintenance and repair a high priority. "Albert Baird Cummins and the progressive movement in Iowa" . When the colonists first arrived in America, they were farmers, but that all changed during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. [176] In Wisconsin, the stronghold of Robert La Follette, the Wisconsin Idea used the state university as a major source of ideas and expertise. Factories were noisy, dangerous, and spewed toxic gases that polluted the air and clouded the sky. A woman who runs for office is allowed to step away from her familial duties to support the community. La Follette promoted government regulation of railroads, public utilities, factories, and banks. A higher level of education also gained popularity. Create your account, 22 chapters | The group led efforts in Oregon to establish an initiative and referendum system, allowing direct legislation by the state's citizens. Related Items. James R. Barrett, "Americanization from the Bottom, Up: Immigration and the Remaking of the American Working Class, 18801930,", E. James Hindman, "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft. The New Deal Legacy & Impacts | What is the Legacy of the New Deal? During the Progressive Era (1900-1920), the country grappled with the problems caused by industrialization and urbanization. Wickersham and his staff, all expert lawyers, were not experts in business management. If New York's total population was 10% of the entire country's population, then New York was responsible for paying 10% of the national income tax. The early decades of the twentieth century ushered in a wave of Progressive reforms, resulting in unprecedented social and political reform. The movement's attempts at introducing urban reforms to rural America often met resistance from traditionalists who saw the country-lifers as aggressive modernizers who were condescending and out of touch with rural life. "[270] Gerster and Cords argue that, "Since progressivism was a 'spirit' or an 'enthusiasm' rather than an easily definable force with common goals, it seems more accurate to argue that it produced a climate for reform which lasted well into the 1920s, if not beyond. The Senate voted 826 in favor; the House agreed, 37350. During prohibition, the mafia was able to grow their stronghold on illegal activities throughout the United States. "[219] Wilson and Bryan were moralistic and very religious; Roosevelt and La Follette were moralistic and not very religious.[220][221][222]. Cities became the breeding ground for not only disease but also crime and poverty. This was done through antitrust laws to promote equal competition amongst every business. Identify the statement that reflects the message of the cartoon, which was one of the central goals of the Roosevelt administration. In 1911, Taft's diplomats signed wide-ranging arbitration treaties with France and Britain. ", Mina Roces, "Filipino Elite Women and Public Health in the American Colonial Era, 19061940." Muckrakers were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more regulation of business. [179] Special efforts were made to reach the rural South and remote areas, such as the mountains of Appalachia and the Ozarks. The 16th amendment strengthened the federal government and increased government revenue to create a financial safety net and state unification. The Progressive Era was one of general prosperity after the Panic of 1893a severe depressionended in 1897. Murphy, William B. The 16th amendment was passed by Congress in 1909 under President William Howard Taft and was ratified in 1913. [247] There were some less successful attempts in the South, where educational levels were far lower. Political machines also impacted the legitimacy of votes, which was one reason reformers vote for political change. After experimenting in the early 20th century with cooperation with business in the National Civic Federation, the AFL turned after 1906 to a working political alliance with the Democratic party. The goal was to establish a more perfect society on earth in preparation for Christ's Second Coming. The main advocates of progressivism were often middle-class social reformers. Prohibition was backed by the Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, Scandinavian Lutherans and other evangelical churches. Groups like the Woman's Christian Temperance Union claimed that alcohol was the root of all evil in the United States; without it, the country wouldn't have to worry about crime, violence, immorality, or corruption. Leroy G. Dorsey, "Preaching Morality in Modern America: Theodore Roosevelt's Rhetorical Progressivism." Progressive-Era reformers sought to use the federal government to make sweeping changes in politics, education, economics, and society. [290] By 1932, this group was moving toward support for Roosevelt's New Deal. After his death in 1925 his two sons took over the party. Changes to the Ohio State Constitution from 1803 to 1851, Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy | Overview, History & Impact. In 1913, while revolutionaries took control of the government, Wilson judged them to be immoral, and refused to acknowledge the in-place government on that reason alone. To prevent this from happening, they created two houses of Congress. [104] Under the guidance of Governor (19021908) and Senator (19081926) Albert Baird Cummins the "Iowa Idea" played a role in state and national reform. [84], North Carolina, along with all the southern states, imposed strict legal segregation in the early 20th century. However, presidential nominations depended chiefly on state party conventions until 1972. The league also concentrated on campaigns for the right of individual communities to choose whether to close their saloons. [86] Midwestern mayors--especially Hazen S. Pingree and Tom L. Johnson, led early reforms against boss-dominated municipal politics, while Samuel M. Jones advocated public ownership of local utilities. Many spent this leisure time at movie theaters. in Christopher M. Nichols and Nancy C. Unger, eds. Urbanization and immigration increased at rapid rates and were accompanied by a shift from local small-scale manufacturing and commerce to large-scale factory production and colossal national corporations. In 1860 one marriage in 800 ended in divorce; by 1900 it was one marriage in 8. This movement was a time of reform in the United States. The decision established that the federal government could regulate intrastate commerce when it affected interstate commerce, though Hughes avoided directly overruling the 1895 case of United States v. E. C. Knight Co..[50] As Chief Justice of the Supreme Court he took a moiderate middle position and upheld key New Deal laws. Technological breakthroughs and frenzied searches for new markets and sources of capital caused unprecedented economic growth. However, in 1912 McGovern supported Roosevelt for president and LaFollette was outraged. ", Levy, David W., and Bruce Allen Murphy. [237] In 1907, Georgia and Alabama were the first states to go dry followed by Oklahoma, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee in the following years. No videos. [203] A handful of eugenics advocates were also involved in immigration restriction for their own pseudo-scientific reasons. The banking system was transformed with the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913. ", Ira M. Wasserman, "Prohibition and ethnocultural conflict: The Missouri prohibition referendum of 1918.". The federal decision together with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 and the creation that years of the Federal Trade Commission largely de-escalated the antitrust rhetoric among progressives. [206], Progressives looked to legal arbitration as an alternative to warfare. The Volstead Act, 1919, defined intoxicating as having alcohol content greater than 0.5% and established the procedures for federal enforcement of the Act. Wilson used a similar moralistic tone when dealing with Mexico. Progressive Era reform aimed to do what was best for the community: the American people. During World War I, La Follette was the most outspoken opponent of the administration's domestic and international policies. [58], Ida Tarbell, a writer and lecturer, was one of the leading muckrakers and pioneered investigative journalism. It established national standards for law schools, which led to the replacement of the old system of young men studying law privately with established lawyers by the new system of accredited law schools associated with universities.[253]. [285] The work was not nearly as dramatic as the suffrage crusade, but women voted[286] and operated quietly and effectively. The Populists were animated by a radical agrarianism that celebrated the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian assault on monopolistic power. During the Progressive era, female activists used traditional constructions of womanhood, which imagined all women as mothers and homemakers, to justify their entrance into community affairs: as "municipal housekeepers," they would clean up politics, cities, and see after the health and well-being of their neighbors. The institution of the initiative and referendums made it possible to pass laws without the involvement of the legislature, while the recall allowed for the removal of corrupt or under-performing officials, and the direct primary let people democratically nominate candidates, avoiding the professionally dominated conventions. The divide between aggressive passionate love associated usually with men and a women's more spiritual romantic love became apparent in the middle class as women were judged on how they should be respected based on how they expressed these feelings. Pestritto, Ronald J., and William J. Atto, eds. in. Above all else, the progressives sought to come to terms with the extreme concentration of wealth among a tiny elite and the enormous economic and political power of the giant trusts, which they saw as uncontrolled and irresponsible. The Progressive Movement started in the 1870s and lasted to 1920. The first factors involved the La Follette family going back and forth between trying to control of the Republican Party and if frustrated trying third-party activity especially in 1924 and the 1930s. The Progressive Caucus has called on Albany lawmakers to allocate funding to both District Attorney and public defender offices to ensure that the 2019 reforms, which did not include funding . The two leading proponents were Taft, a constitutional lawyer who later became Chief Justice, and Democratic leaders William Jennings Bryan. The 18th Amendment was repealed on Dec. 5, 1933, with the 21st Amendment, the only amendment to ever repeal another in the history of America. The reform of schools and other educational institutions was one of the prime concerns of the middle class during this period. 1962. It included, in addition to the rapid building of a public school system based on English teaching, and boasted about such modernizing achievements as: steel and concrete wharves at the newly renovated Port of Manila; dredging the River Pasig; streamlining of the Insular Government; accurate, intelligible accounting; the construction of a telegraph and cable communications network; the establishment of a postal savings bank; large-scale road- and bridge-building; impartial and incorrupt policing; well-financed civil engineering; the conservation of old Spanish architecture; large public parks; a bidding process for the right to build railways; Corporation law; and a coastal and geological survey. [163] While La Follette always won his primary, that was not necessarily the case with other progressives. Most progressive reformers held a common belief in civic duty and self-sacrifice. Tarbell is best known for her 1904 book, The History of the Standard Oil Company. In 1916, federal aid was first made available to improve post-roads, and promote general commerce. Kansas was a leader, where it was promoted in the press, led by Henry J. Allen of the Wichita Beacon, and pushed through by Governor Arthur Capper. Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette initiated state Progressive reforms, commonly referred to as the "Wisconsin Idea.". Small children worked 12-hour days and risked life and limb to climb across and through dangerous machinery. According to Wendy Rouse, feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. Jensen, Richard. ], While some Progressive leaders became reactionaries, that usually happened in the 1930s, not in the 1920s, as exemplified by William Randolph Hearst,[273] Herbert Hoover, Al Smith, and Henry Ford. CORRECT:* The percentage of married women in the labor force doubled between 1900 and 1930. Progressive Amendments addressed several issues facing American society. The major new face was Herbert Hoover. [51], Gifford Pinchot was an American forester and politician. [274][275], What historians have identified as "business progressivism", with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover[276] reached an apogee in the 1920s. Omissions? [113][114], When candidates for office were selected by the party caucus (meetings open to the public) or by statewide party conventions of elected delegates, the public lost a major opportunity to shape policy. At the state and national levels new food and drug laws strengthened urban efforts to guarantee the safety of the food system. Multiple overlapping progressive movements fought perceived social, political and economic ills by advancing democracy, scientific methods, professionalism and efficiency; regulating businesses, protecting the natural environment, and improving working conditions in factories and living conditions of the urban poor. Timeline of major events during the Progressive Era. [117], A main objective of the Progressive Era movement was to eliminate corruption within the government. [17] Another factor contributing to the dramatic upswing in magazine circulation was the prominent coverage of corruption in politics, local government, and big business, particularly by journalists and writers who became known as muckrakers. Typically, classes were taught by young local women before they married, with only occasional supervision by county superintendents. The NAWSA set up hundreds of smaller local and state groups, with the goal of passing woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level. Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice. [289] Hoover himself had sharply moved to the right, and paid little attention to their liberal ideas. The Progressive Era Movement definition is a period where the United States went through significant social and political reform. Maya has developed curriculum, learning experiences, and lesson plans for geography, ancient civilizations, US history, and government and civics. Welcome to Brainly! Folsom, Burton W. "Tinkerers, tipplers, and traitors: ethnicity and democratic reform in Nebraska during the Progressive era. [46][47], Charles Evans Hughes, as a New York politician exposed the insurance industry. [193] Wilson helped end the long battles over the trusts with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. He finally ran an independent campaign for president in 1924 that appealed to the German Americans, labor unions, socialists, and more radical reformers. On international work for social hygiene see Lou Antolihao, et al. [181][182] The South had fewer cars and trucks and much less money, but it worked through highly visible demonstration projects like the "Dixie Highway. Rather than condemn all drinking, the group focused attention on the saloon which was considered the ultimate symbol of public vice. He made conservation a top priority and established many new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nation's natural resources. Federal action finally won out in 1911, splitting Standard Oil into 33 companies. The 19th Amendment was the last amendment passed during the Progressive Era and gave women the right to vote. Calling themselves "The New Nationalists", Croly and Walter Weyl sought to remedy the relatively weak national institutions with a strong federal government. Senator Robert M. La Follette tried to use his national reputation to challenge President Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912. The Progressive Era Key Facts", H-SHGAPE, H-Net Reviews. [100], Ohio was distinctive for municipal reform in the major cities, especially Toledo, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton. [40], With the major parties each nominating conservative candidates in the 1924 presidential election, left-wing groups coalesced behind La Follette's third-party candidacy. ", Richard J. Ellis, "The Opportunist: James W. Sullivan and the Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in the United States.". [48] He also wrote several opinions upholding the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause. The direct primary made it possible to mobilize voters against the previously dominant political machines. The Progressive Era lasted roughly from the 1890s to 1920. [164], In New Jersey, on the other hand, the party leaders introduced the primary in every county by 1902. Corrections? To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. [236] The league, rooted in Protestant churches, envisioned nationwide prohibition. Judson A. Grenier, "Muckraking the muckrakers: Upton Sinclair and his peers." Middle-class women formed local clubs, which after 1890 were coordinated by the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC). His Iowa successes included establishing the direct primary to allow voters to select candidates instead of bosses; outlawing free railroad passes for politicians; imposing a two-cents-per-mile railway maximum passenger fare; imposing pure food and drug laws; and abolishing corporate campaign contributions. They worked to limit child labor in the textile mills, and supported public health campaigns to eradicate hookworm and other debilitating diseases. [73], The Oregon Direct Legislation League was an organization of political activists founded by William S. U'Ren in 1898. He voted to uphold state laws providing for minimum wages, workmen's compensation, and maximum work hours for women and children. With the coming of the automobile after 1910, urgent efforts were made to upgrade and modernize dirt roads designed for horse-drawn wagon traffic. By 1920, each of the amendments was ratified by the states, fundamentally changing American life. They finally achieved that goal with the NorrisLa Guardia Act of 1932. [149] The Progressive ideology espoused by many of the era attempted to correct societal problems created by racial integration following the Civil War by segregating the races and allowing each group to achieve its own potential; most Progressives saw racial integration as a problem to be solved, rather than a goal to be achieved. Ebner, Michael H., and Eugene M. Tobin, eds. School funds and the term of public schools also grew. They promoted gender equality and woman suffrage, and demanded a single standard of sexual morality for men and women. Oregon was one of the few states where former Populists like U'Ren became progressive leaders. [202] On the other hand, the rapid growth of industry called for a greater and expanding labor pool that could not be met by natural birth rates. [161], The first primary elections came in the Democratic Party in the South starting in Louisiana in 1892. Most of its activists had opposed populism. During this time, known as the Progressive Era, the movement's goals involved strengthening the national government and addressing people's economic, social, and political demands. [30] Several major foundations aided the blacks in the South and were typically advised by Booker T. Washington. Allowing women to own land C. Direct election of US Senators D. Pushing for civil rights for African Americans See answer Advertisement RilezWootz The only progressive era reform here is C. Direct election of US Senators. [178] By 1910, most farmers subscribed to a farm newspaper, where editors promoted efficiency as applied to farming. Idaho, Finally, in 1920, Iowa got woman suffrage with the rest of the country by the 19th amendment to the federal Constitution.[107]. Wilson also presided over the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which created a central banking system in the form of the Federal Reserve System. Progressive Reforms were prompted by the political philosophy of Progressivism and the influence and work of reformists called Progressives who included activists, analysts and social commentators. As presidential candidate in 1916 he lost after alienating the California progressives. In 1902 the League won a state constitutional amendment establishing direct democracy at the local level, New York State took the lead in 1898, and by 1916 the old system had been discarded in every area. He challenged Taft for the Republican presidential nomination in the 1912 presidential election, but his candidacy was overshadowed by Theodore Roosevelt. He states that ultimately Progressives "were responsible for bringing scientific racism to an end". ", Dalton, Kathleen. There they would be taught by full-time professional teachers who had graduated from the states' teachers colleges, were certified, and were monitored by the county superintendents. The work helped turn elite public opinion against the Standard Oil monopoly.[59]. Some historians who emphasize civil liberties decry their suppression during 19171919 and do not consider the war as rooted in Progressive policy. [263] In 1919, Theodore Roosevelt died and Wilson's health collapsed, leaving a void in top leadership. [21], The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at the state and local level, like Ray Stannard Baker, George Creel, and Brand Whitlock. The ratification of the 16th amendment finally passed an income tax that was being discussed since the time following the Civil War. [137] So, frequently women expressed passionless emotions towards love as a way to establish status among men in the middle class. The 18th Amendment created Prohibition in the United States. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was founded in response to the lack of representation for unskilled and foreign-born workers.Identify the goals and accomplishments of these two organizations. Progressives also advocated new government roles and regulations, and new agencies to carry out those roles, such as the FDA. The government also ratified the 19th amendment which gave women the right to vote. During this time, legislation was passed at the state and national levels. The Progressive Movement was a time when reformers and progressives lobbied and fought for political and social change. Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work. Two important groups were formed during this period. Across the nation, middle-class women organized on behalf of social reforms during the Progressive Era. The Progressive movement split into hostile factions. [57] In 1919, he published The Brass Check, a muck-raking expos of American journalism that publicized the issue of yellow journalism and the limitations of the "free press" in the United States. Although La Follette lost influence in the national party in 1912, the Wisconsin reforms became a model for national progressivism. One of the most significant reflections of change in the United States during this time is shown in the amendments, or changes made to the Constitution. [218], Many progressive leaders used the rhetoric of righteousness to motivate their Protestant supporters. [272] This however ignores the violence and racism central to Klan ideology and activities, that had nothing to do with improving society, so much as enforcing racial hierarchies. Both opposed corruption and trusts. It was radically egalitarian in favor of the disadvantaged classes. The Panic of 1907 was short and mostly affected financiers. [165], The Northeast was laggard in adopting the direct primary, with Connecticut and Rhode Island the last states to sign up. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Thanks to the efforts of Oregon State Representative William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League, voters in Oregon overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum processes for citizens to directly introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system.
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