5 factors affecting political participation

Being a public official requires a great deal of dedication, time, energy, and money. Meanwhile, the political participation of youth, particularly in developing countries, plays a vital role in bringing political change. (1976), No Easy Choose: Political Participation in Developing Countries, Harvard University press, Cambridge. What motivated you to get involved? Those who give money are more likely to gain access to candidates when they are in office. The Turnout figures can be skewed by undercounting the vote. Students advertised campus election events on social media sites, such as candidate rallies and voter registration drives, which drew large crowds. The reasons of the low voting ratio of female students in Jordan was due to the fact that they didn't see a tangible role for elected councils within society in addition, tribal, social economic constraints as they didn't feel equal to males in education and employment. Based on the above, the present study examines the impact of (gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation) on the voting of the university student in elections, because of the reluctance of Jordanian university students to vote in elections. The CBS News report on the Rodney King incident included the following controversial video. The survey was conducted on the students of the three Jordanian universities (Jordan, Al-Al Bayt, and Mu'tah), to identify the impact of gender, age, family income and regional affiliation on the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections: Table I shows the results of the analysis of the public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to the gender. (2004), Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. In other Atiyat, F. (2017), Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Turnout was lower in the 1980s and 1990s, when the political climate was less tumultuous. Verba, S., Burns, N. and Schlozman, K.L. In the USA, the participation of the youth in elections is very low. Some of the factors considered in the examination of data from the 2010 AmericasBarometer survey by LAPOP include wealth, age, sex and educational level. Education, gender, occupation, family, etc. Moreover, political participation is a legitimate right for all citizens, their choice of the members of the government and the decision makers would influence their actions (Verba and Nie, 1978, p. 1). In addition, Trust in the ability of candidates to provide services to people. for the family income category (more than 700 dinars) at (19.5 per cent). In 2010, only about 23 percent of eligible eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds cast a ballot (Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement). This is a problem problematic because one-third of the Jordanian people are young people (Jordanian Annual Statistical Report, 2018, p.7). Afterward, law No. Rakka twin peaks and voter registration CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Fitzgerald, J. Social environment includes elements like education, occupation, income, age sex, race, caste, ethnicity, mobility and habitation. Individuals acquire political beliefs due to cultural factors, including their demographic characteristics and their experiences with family, friends, school, religion, and the media. Tillian, O. Most important, young people did not see any role or tangible achievement of the elected councils. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1344797n. The major criterion remains voting in elections which is consistently somewhat higher than the other measures. What are the factors affecting political socialization? These activities may include voting, seeking information, discussing, attending public meetings, making financial contribution, communicating with representatives to become member in a political party, canvassing, speech writing, delivering speech, working in campaigns, competing for public and party offices, etc. Social and economic analysis How a citizens living situation, weather, finances, or family issues affect their political behavior. Political socialization 6. The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of Jordanians students. The political landscape for many African nations does not provide the platforms where citizens can loudly and freely engage with the governments to harness democracy. (2012), The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Homana (2018), Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Solt (2008), Atkeson (2003), Lawless and Fox (2001), Koch (1997), Brady et al. People can act alone by writing letters to members of Congress or staging acts of civil disobedience. Economic modernization affects political participation through socio-economic status. The research analysis reveals that, lack of political knowledge and adequate education, youth political interest and apathy, economy, socio-centrism attitude and familys pressure, fear, partisan attachment and the incumbent government performances, age and the existing institutional structures of Democracy are the major factors affecting the Once a candidate gets on the ballot, she must organize a campaign, solicit volunteers, raise funds, and garner press coverage. Scholars have argued that socio-economic factors, such as the numbers of graduate women (Hillygus, 2005) and women's participation in the labor force outside 2. Some of them. 1, pp. Participation gives an opportunity to express ones own point of view and secure the greatest good for the greatest number. Kang, A. If so, you are taking part in civil society, the community of individuals who volunteer and work cooperatively outside of formal governmental institutions (Eberly, 1998). The 2008 presidential election sparked high levels of public interest and engagement. 3, pp. This declining continued until the national elections in 2012, where the ratio of youth participation (ages 19-24years old) in voting was (41 per cent), and they were reluctant to engage in election campaigns and contacting elected officials. WebSocioeconomic characteristics of a population, including age, race, gender, religion, marital status, occupation, education level, and more. Such political activities can support government officials, institutions, and policies, or aim to change them. Three factors seem to affect political participation among Native Americans a history of violent conflict and deep distrust of federal, state, and local actors Webfactors affecting participation in politics be citizens reactions to government policies and specically whether those policies are consonant with their pre-ferences? (8) of 1974 was issued to change the political life for Jordanian women. For many people, voting is the primary means of taking part in politics. The commission prepare electoral rolls and update the voters list from time to time. Motor voters success in increasing the ranks of registered voters differs by state depending on how well the program is publicized and executed. People have many options for engaging in politics. This, in turn, affected their voting in the elections. Three factors seem to affect political participation among Native Americans a history of violent conflict and deep distrust of federal, state, and local actors ( Peterson 1997 ), a widely dispersed population ( Herrick and Mendez 2019 ), and few federal, state, or local officials representing tribal interests ( Schroedel and Aslanian 2017 ). Young people, in particular, used social media, like Facebook, to organize online on behalf of candidates. Putnam, R. D., Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). 109-122. Voting is the most prevalent form of political participation, although many eligible voters do not turn out in elections. In addition, ethnic diversity, different habits, incomes of people led to the difference in political participation. Maybe you coach a little league team, visit seniors at a nursing home, or work at a homeless shelter. Lipsky, M., Protest as a Political Resource, American Political Science Review, December 1968, 1145. Property damage was in the millions of dollars. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that male students were the most Jordanian university students voting in the elections with (66.2 per cent). Social environment:. Even activities that on the surface do not seem to have much to do with politics can be a form of political participation. Some political activities, such as boycotts and protest movements, involve many people working together to attract the attention of public officials. The number of people who give money to a candidate, party, or political organization has increased substantially since the 1960s. 5 No. 89 No. The politically aware are usually better able to relate their social values to their political opinions, to achieve stable, internally consistent belief systems. Civil society depends on social networks, based on trust and goodwill, that form between friends and associates and allow them to work together to achieve common goals. Studying gender in US politics: where do we go from here? Although all changes and amendments in Jordan, there was a reluctance of young people, particularly the university students to vote in the national and local elections (Al-Mohammad, 2017, p. 2). Verba, S., Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). They can take part in groups or organizational activity to deal with social and political problems. The video of the beating of Rodney King in Los Angeles in 1991 sparked riots. Consequently, high-income families can support the candidate who they chose. By 2008, 44 percent of the public had contacted their member of Congress about an issue or concern (Congressional Management Foundation, 2008). Globalization has influenced American politics by increasing the extent to which the United States influences, and is influenced by, the values of other countries. In addition, there are political factors which lead to marginalize students participating in the political sphere. Extreme discontent with a particular societal condition can lead to rioting. They can take part in organizations that work to directly influence policies made by government officials. Bernstein, A.G. (2005), Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Journal of Sex Roles, Vol. Third: The more the family income varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the high-income students, as there were differences in the voting ratio in the elections according to the level of family income. Moreover, their belief that elected councils, whether national or local, are not able to change their lives in the future. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio of voting of the Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the regional affiliation. Turnout for the 2010 midterm election was 41.6 percent, compared with 41.4 percent in 2006 and 40.5 percent in 2002 (McDonald). 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, Copyright 2019, Mohammad Soud Alelaimat, Published in Review of Economics and Political Science. After Arab Spring revolutions had broken out in the late 2010s, peaceful demonstrations and protests began in Jordan. There are many different ways that Americans can participate in politics, including voting, joining political parties, volunteering, contacting public officials, contributing money, working in campaigns, holding public office, protesting, and rioting. Content Guidelines 2. Over 25 percent of the public gave money to a cause and 17 percent contributed to a presidential candidate in 2008 (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2008). Fitzgerald (2013), Taft (2014) pointed out that women in American society are less engaged in politics than men. The study concluded that, Although the democratic transition and the subsequent constitutional and legal amendments in Jordan, which gave women equal rights with men, and allowing engagement in political parties and civil activities, there was a gap in the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections due to some demographic factors (gender and age), economic factors (family income) and some social factors (regional affiliation). The Jordanian Constitution and laws have witnessed many amendments to strengthen political participation of all the Jordanian people segments, at the national level (parliament) and the local level (local councils). Voter registration and turnout is influenced by legal and structural factors, voter qualifications, the type of election, and voters enthusiasm about a particular campaign. These characteristics influence how Table II shows the results of the analysis of public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to the age. (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1999). the individual needs money to be able to participate in political activities. Extreme forms of protest behavior include acts that cause harm, such as when environmental activists place spikes in trees that can seriously injure loggers, terrorist acts, like bombing a building, and civil war. Based on the above: Palmer and Simon (2008) pointed out that difference of regions within the same country affected the political participation of the inhabitants of these regions. Nahar, G. and Humaidan, R. (2013), The factors affecting the women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013), International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Although the democratic transition in many developing countries and the legislative amendments, which granted more rights and freedom for womens participation in politics, there was still a gender gap stemming from the differences in voting between males and females as well as the low voting turnout of women in elections. Other barriers are structural. Significant steps have been taken to make registration easier. TOS 7. Therefore, the diversity of regional affiliation affected political participation. The Jordanian decision maker realized the shifts in internal and international circumstances. People salute the flag and recite the pledge of allegiance at the beginning of a school day, and they sing the national anthem at sporting events. Although the youth represent the largest number in these countries, their voting in elections is very poor. The ethnic diversity impacts cultures and political orientations. However, young people participation in voting remained low (Dababneh, 2012, p. 215). 3, pp. They concluded that the sociopolitical interest of young females could help to overcome this problem, education could be one of the solutions, as political participation of females increases, when they are aware that political events would directly affect their lives. 8.1 What Is Political Participation? 1.1 Communication, Information, and the Media, 2.2 Creating and Ratifying the Constitution, 2.3 Constitutional Principles and Provisions, 2.4 The Constitution in the Information Age, 4.2 Religion, Speech, the Press, Assembly, and Petition, 4.3 Arms, Search and Seizure, Accusation, Punishment, Property, and Privacy, 4.4 Civil Liberties in the Information Age, 5.1 Civil War Amendments and African Americans, 5.2 Other Minorities, Women, Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Disabled, 6.3 Political Culture and Socialization in the Information Age, 7.4 Public Opinion in the Information Age, 8.5 Participation, Voting, and Social Movements in the Information Age, 9.3 Interest Groups and the Political System, 9.4 Interest Groups in the Information Age, 10.1 History of American Political Parties, 10.7 Political Parties in the Information Age, 11.7 Campaigns and Elections in the Information Age, 13.3 The Presidency in the Information Age, 14.2 Policymaking, Power, and Accountability in the Bureaucracy, 14.3 The Federal Bureaucracy in the Information Age, 16.4 Policymaking and Domestic Policies in the Information Age, 17.1 The Executive Branch Makes Foreign and Military Policies, 17.2 Influence from Congress and Outside Government, 17.3 The Major Foreign and National Security Policies, 17.5 Foreign and National Security Policies in the Information Age. (2011), Studying gender in US politics: where do we go from here?, Politics and Gender, Vol. Over 70 percent of Minnesota voters cast ballots in the 2008 presidential election compared with 51 percent in Hawaii and West Virginia (McDonald). Considered one of the most impactful expressions of patriotism, voting is the primary means of participating in politics. In 1993, Congress passed the National Voter Registration Act, also known as the motor voter law, allowing citizens to register at motor vehicle and social service offices. People can work in an election campaign, contact public officials, circulate a petition, join a political organization, and donate money to a candidate or a cause. Brady et al. The study concluded that the gender, age, family income and regional affiliation factors affect the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. 6-18. Voting determines the leadership issues and policies of the party as well as the whole nation. Only a small number of people, generally under one-quarter of those eligible, participate in local, county, and state elections. People who have a strong sense of political efficacy, are Some regions have an established culture of political participation. The more the gender varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of males students. A Purposive sample was taken from the three universities, (300) students per university (150 males and 150 females). Modes of participation 7. Moreover, it was noted that the number of students with family income (more than 700 dinars) was at the total number of (219) including (164) participated in the voting with (88.6 per cent) in the same category. This study aimed at identifying the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in the national and local elections. Direct mail and e-mail solicitations make fundraising easier, especially when donors can contribute through candidate and political-party websites. Many people take part in neighborhood, school, and religious associations. Racial tensions sparked by a video of police beating Rodney King in 1991 and the subsequent acquittal of the officers at trial resulted in the worst riots ever experienced in Los Angeles. These groups are as diverse as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), which supports animal rights, the Concord Coalition, which seeks to protect Social Security benefits, and the Aryan Nation, which promotes white supremacy. The party inspires in its members a feeling of belongingness. Support activities can lead to active participation, as people learn about issues through these events and decide to become involved. Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), Young Voters in the 2010 Elections, http://www.civicyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/2010-Exit-Poll-FS-Nov-17-Update.pdf. About 3 percent of the adult population holds an elected or appointed public office (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995). Social psychologists have emphasized on psychological traits which stem from 2. Moreover, university students are reluctant to vote in elections, because of their feeling of alienation within the society, especially young female students. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. They can use social networking sites, like Facebook, to recruit supporters, enlist volunteers for campaign events, or encourage friends to donate money to a candidate. The eligible electorate in the 1800s, when voter turnout consistently exceeded 70 percent, was far different than the diverse pool of eligible voters today. Some are directly associated with the electoral sub-system and some are with other political activities. It is assumed that there is a relation between the cognitive status of low self-esteem and feeling of pessimism and alienation from society and political apathy. Youth political engagement in Australia and the United States: student councils and volunteer organizations as communities of practice, Studying oil, islam, and women as if political institutions mattered, Womens engagement in politics in the year of the woman, Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political participation of the urban poor, The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, The factors affecting the women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013), Increasing womens political participation: the role of women-friendly districts, Gender differences in political participation: comparing street demonstrators in Sweden and the United Kingdom, Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement, No Easy Choose: Political Participation in Developing Countries. 1, pp. (2018), The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, Vol. Atkeson (2003) indicated that the greater the involvement of women in the public sector, the more barriers of their political participation are broken. It can be concluded that: The more the gender varies, the more voting in the elections differs in favor of male students. Although the political participation base expanded in Jordan, youth remained reluctant to participate in elections. In Australia, the participation rate of young people (aged 18-19years old) was (53 per cent) and their participating in community participation also declined (Homana, 2018, p.41). Riots can result in destruction of property, looting, physical harm, and even death. (Nahar, 2012, p. 122). In contrast, the voting of the female students was (33.8 per cent). 4. This made them feel political alienation, which led them to be reluctant to vote in the elections. The reason for the low voting ratio of the Palestinians in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the candidates inefficiency. The Jordanian leadership responded and announced constitutional amendments in 2011. Wolfinger, R. E. and Steven J. Rosenstone, Who Votes? Solt (2008) and Brady et al. The ratio of participation for young people is low, because of their different interests in political activities. Webare political factors which lead to marginalize students participating in the political sphere. Through this leaders can increase their influence over the citizens and the voter turnout. Members of social movements may resort to rioting when they perceive that there are no conventional alternatives for getting their message across. It was noted that the number of students in the age group (23 less than 30) was a total number of (171) including (141) participated in the voting with (82.5 per cent) in the same category. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in national and local elections. One learns here to join in an organization, fulfill duties, participate in meetings, discuss social issues and organize to achieve group goals. Report a Violation, Political Parties: The Functions and Role of Political Parties in Political Process, Lapses in Political Modernization: (6 Challenges), Voting Behaviour: Various Approaches and Determinants of Voting Behaviour. It says that blue collared workers are more likely to be affiliated with the Democratic party, and it says that the Southern region is more Republican. Americans are more likely to make a financial contribution to a cause or a candidate than to donate their time. Solt, F. (2008), Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. Although all these amendments, the political participation of Jordanian university students is still poor. Local elections in small towns in New England draw up to 80 percent of qualified voters. This, in turn, made women lose interest in political issues, events, and party activities. Political participation includes voting and any other activity that shapes, affects or involves the political field. The most important political activities may be those carried out by parties or citizens between elections to influence government decisions about specific problems that concern them. According to conventional wisdom, education is supposed to increases civic skills and political knowledge that functions as the causal mechanisms triggering Lawless, J.L. Campaign activity also produces collective outcomes. Some Palestinians have lived in Jordan since 1947 and 1967, they were granted the Jordanian nationality and the right to vote in the elections. Privacy Policy 8. The directive to write your member of Congress is taken seriously by increasing numbers of citizens: legislators e-mail boxes are filled daily, and millions of letters are processed by the Capitol Hill post offices. (1993), Neighborhood poverty and African American politics, American Political Science Review, Vol. Moreover, women believe that they do not have the ability to make political change, and their participating would make no change in the society. What would happen if both parents had two different political ideologies for example- MOM- Democrat and Dad - Republican? 94-99. The study population contained three Jordanian universities representing the various segments of the Jordanian society: Al-Al Bayt University (Northern Region), Jordanian University (Central Region) and Mu'tah University (Southern Region). Political scientists have determined that presidential election turnout is underestimated on average by 4 percent, which translates into hundreds of thousands of votes (Flanigan & Zingale, 1999). Huntington and Nelson (1976) have argued that voluntary (autonomous) and manipulated (mobilized) participation are not clearly distinguished categories. Voter registration also has been assisted by online registration. [1] Following the 2008 election, RTV lobbied the Obama administration to institute fully automated online voter registration nationally. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. This means that the engagement of the individual at the different levels of the political system is a must. It deepens the political awareness and increases the sense of political effectiveness. Moreover, it was known that in some countries, such as Jordan, Palestinian refugees have been granted the Jordanian nationality. About half the population takes part in national and community political affairs by joining an interest group, issue-based organization, civic organization, or political party. People with higher education are more likely to participate Rock the Vote (RTV), a nonpartisan youth mobilization organization, established the first online voter registration initiative in 1992 with official backing from the Congressional Internet Caucus. Lawless, J.L. Voter turnout in presidential elections is generally higher than for lower-level contests; usually more than half the eligible voters cast a ballot. Forty-nine percent of the voting-age public cast a ballot in the 1924 presidential contest, the same percentage as in 1996. It is a term applied to various types of activities ranging from political orientations, attitude, knowledge, interest in politics, identification with a political unit (political party or its any wing) to taking active part in political action such as rally, demonstration, strike or campaigning for voting in elections.
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