Unable to properly sense odor particles, the neurons send signals that are unrecognizable to the brain. When its distorted, it leaves people feeling alien from themselves and their surroundings.. Its been six months since Pitz lost her sense of smell, and three months since she developed parosmia. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. That said, there are some home remedies that can help reduce a bad smell in the nose: Using a saltwater rinse can help temporarily reduce the intensity of a bad smell in the nose. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine You might need to address dental hygiene problems that could cause gingivitis. Some people who get infected with COVID experience a loss of smell and taste. Anosmia from COVID-19 likely occurs from direct infection of the olfactory nerves by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Water tastes oddly like chemicals. If you have hyperosmia, your taste may also be affected. Learn about these and, Causes of a smell behind the ear include poor hygiene and infected ear piercings. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. He started a Facebook Covid-19 smell loss support group after he lost his sense of smell in March. Recently, she resumed drinking smoothies which smell revolting to her because of the fresh fruit by using a straw. That makes it easier for her to combine them into meals and recipes. Thats something Knight did. it came back fully today (im still very covid positive btw this isnt parosmia) and as i was eating i realized ALL sauces smelled so strong and sour but everything else i smelled was normal ? Todays deals: $20 Echo Dot, IHOP gift card deal, Samsung Galaxy A54 for $375, more, Vanderbilt University Medical Center study, Ignore The Morning Show - I recommend watching these 7 Apple TV+ shows instead, Sisu is like if John Wick was set during WWII, with ten times the gore of Inglourious Basterds, 5 new Netflix releases to stream next week, including the Bridgerton prequel Queen Charlotte, Harvard scientist claims to have reversed his own aging, Webb discovered water vapor around a rocky planet that shouldnt have an atmosphere, Scientists invented an edible battery made of almonds, 18-year-old invented a simple test to see if a drink was spiked, I need this crazy Fantastic Four cast rumor to be real, Apples new Savings account might have already crossed $1 billion in deposits, The Google Pixels May software update is here and its all about the bug fix, Mastodon is trying to make it easier to, well, actually sign up for Mastodon. Mix 1 teaspoon . Nasal swabs are one of the main ways to test for an infection with coronavirus that causes COVID-19. An increasing number of patients are reporting awful scents that arent present. for me everything with vinegar in it (ketchup, crisps, the lot) has the strong smell of disinfectant/bleach now. 1 . Her kit includes eucalyptus, peppermint, tea tree, lavender, lemongrass and sweet orange scents. Allergies, polypsand tumors can also affect smell. When i finally smelled vinegar i confirmed this but what in the HELL does this mean? We avoid using tertiary references. Because parosmia has not been well studied, there are no proven treatments for it. It's thought that. In this article, learn more about. Spices & seasonings. Another, advanced by a chiropractor, recommends flicking people with smell loss in the back of the head. The increased sense of smell may also make flavors more intense. If youre not pregnant and it lasts for a long time, talk to your doctor to find out if its a symptom of another underlying condition. A global coalition of 500-plus scientists have formed the Global Consortium of Chemosensory Researchers, dedicated to open science, data sharing and interdisciplinary research to investigate the connection between the chemical senses and Covid-19. Hutton has practiced smell training since seeing her ENT in Dallas and believes it is starting to help. Its as if youre plugging them into the wrong port, said Smith. A doctor or allergist may also prescribe certain medications or therapies to help a person manage conditions that cause a bad smell in the nose, including: Depending on the condition that causes it, making certain lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of developing a bad smell in the nose. So if its a limb, its pain. Smoking can also reduce someones ability to taste and smell food properly, which may cause someone to smell odors that they perceive as foul, but which may not actually be bad. The Smell and Taste Association of North America (with support groups) Archived post. "It's called cognitive cell training, you try and train the nose, you try and bring the patient in you try and train the. This change will typically happen in your first few months of pregnancy. 2023 BGR Media, LLC. According to the first large study of patients with parosmia, published in 2005, the main culprits are gasoline, tobacco, coffee, perfumes and chocolate. its like re-training of the nose to smell, said Sadeeh. Cincinnati resident Nick Roosa shares the same triggers. The problem with that hypothesis is that the bad smells that people with parosmia describe do not exist in real life. "It does kind of alarm me because if I think if something really was burning, that I would just ignore it.". Thats where Parkers work comes in, Smith said. An intact sense of smell is also critical to good nutrition. If it's affecting mature neurons, then the immature neurons need to mature fully and connect to the olfactory bulb, she says. It is usually caused by an infection, health condition or brain trauma damaging the so-called olfactory senses. Toxin exposurefrom cadmium, formaldehyde, or methyl bromide, for examplewill make you lose your sense of smell. Sinusitis causes symptoms such as sinus inflammation and nasal congestion, which can interfere with a persons sense of smell. Your sense of smell may go back to normal in a few weeks or months. Kelly cautions that recovery is not the best word to use. A new omicron subvariant, XBB.1.16, is spreading in the United States, and some doctors are reporting that it may be causing unusual symptoms. Anna Kuchment covers science for The Dallas Morning News and for Scientific American, where she is a contributing editor. Next review due: 11 December 2023, How to clean your nose with a saltwater solution, smelling things that are not there (phantosmia), like smoke or burnt toast. So the system has a capacity to repair itself. Treatment depends on the cause. It occurs when a condition interferes with a persons sense of smell. They all smelled, she said, like someone went fishing, put a fish on the counter and left it there for a month.. A change in your sense of smell can be unpleasant and affect how things taste. Jennifer Spicer thought her days of feeling the effects of covid-19 were over. Sadeeh says there are some mechanisms that sometimes help this disorder. THOSE suffering from 'long COVID' have reported smelling fish and super-strong urine - as more worrying symptoms of the killer virus emerge. A Brief History of Steamboat Racing in the U.S. If you have hyperosmia, your taste may also be affected. Sometimes loss of smell is a COVID-19 patients only symptom. A team at Georgia State University compiled datasets of more than 602 million individual tweets about Covid-19 symptoms since March 10 that are openly available. A recent discovery that helped her is a company called Fody Foods that makes salsa, pasta sauce and other products without onions or garlic. Hyperosmia can happen when you get a migraine. At Brigham and Womens Hospital, the Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology has launched a study evaluating individuals whose smell was impacted by coronavirus. All rights reserved. All foods release smells as our bodies break them down and digest them. The condition is being reported in increasing numbers. The team at Vanderbilt, in explaining why and how a virus can lead to the loss of smell and taste, answered this way: "One possibility is that people with upper respiratory infections often. Laidlaw and the studys leader, Dr. Lora Bankova, said they think that distorted smells may stem from either inflammation in the nose or from damaged neurons and they believe people who deal with it for several months may be contending with the latter. Most people who suffer from sudden onset anosmia from the SARS-CoV-2 infection recover their smell quickly, within four weeks for 89 percent of those in a recent study in JAMA Otolaryngology. Your Privacy Rights If you're constantly smelling something nobody around you seems to be able to smell, you may have a condition called phantosmia. Hormonal changes. Changes in sense of smell are most often caused by: a cold or flu. One of the online communities Hutton joined was the Parosmia- Post COVID Support Group on Facebook. If your nose is not congested and you have trouble recognizing those or other scents that are familiar to you, you might want to call your doctor about getting tested. Share your stories, experiences, answer questions and vent! Like Hutton, Weiderstein stopped being able to eat meat, dark chocolate, wine, coffee and all fried foods. keep in mind the sauces all tasted normal. This article discusses the causes of a bad smell in the nose, as well as treatments and prevention methods. She shoots, reports on camera, and produces video stories covering the greater Boston area. What You Need to Know About Hyperosmia., Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology: Smell and autoimmunity: a comprehensive review., Journal of Neurology: Smell and other sensory disturbances in migraine., Merck Manual: Overview of Smell and Taste Disorders., Northwestern Medicine: What Are Smell and Taste Disturbances?, The Society of Sensory Professionals: HYPEROSMIA., University of Miami Health Systems: Disorders of Smell and Taste.. "It's never a good smell," Patel said. But breakthroughs may be forthcoming. She used to vomit in the bathroom whenever a colleague walked past her with a cup of coffee, she said. sinusitis (sinus infection) an allergy, like hay fever. COVID-19, experts say, damages cells that support the work of olfactory nerves, causing the nerves to atrophy. So, when there is not enough saliva, a person is more likely to experience conditions that can cause a bad smell or taste in the mouth and nose, such as bad breath and tooth decay. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? The scent I smell all the time is rotting meat and food tastes, in general, rancid to me. So were taking the opportunity of better understanding how it works, said Valentina Parma, a research assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at Temple University. It also happens with head injuryin that case, its likely the part of the brain that receives the smell signals that is damaged. Some recommendations from the American Dental Association include: Some over-the-counter (OTC) medications may also help treat conditions that can cause a bad smell in the nose. Parosmia, then, could be the brains way of sending a warning that its receiving incomplete data and there could be danger. Over the weekend, gunfire on Hendry Street in downtown Fort Myers leaves the community shaken after a stray bullet hit a man on his way home from work. Honest news coverage, reviews, and opinions since 2006. Perhaps the first neurons to regenerate are the ones that pick up stronger odors, like sulfur, which is toxic in high concentrations. Theyre all having the same strange, negative smell, she said. Rogers hasn't gotten a definitive answer, but smell distortion, also called parosmia, is a symptom of COVID-19. 3) Many unusual odors may be associated . One of the things that can be done pretty easily, pretty objectively by someone at home would be to take some ground coffee and see how far away you can hold it and still smell it. An impaired sense of smell affects from about 30 to 75 percent of people infected with the novel coronavirus, according to a recent estimate . Researchers arent sure, but theyre trying to figure it out. Its causes include upper respiratory tract infections, head trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Advertising Notice James Schwob, a professor of developmental, molecular, and chemical biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, researches the olfactory system and the roughly 1,000 types of neurons that are involved in our ability to register odors both good and bad. Sinus infection, called sinusitis, affects around 31 million people in the United States. Most people do get better, but some have this long COVID. Boil a pint of water, then leave it to cool. For Cano, coffee is nauseating. If you have or had COVID-19, you might notice something very unusual getting your daily morning cup of coffee. Its called parosmia, a distorted sense of smell that can be triggered by colds and sinus infections, head injuries, chemical exposures or cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. Meanwhile, researchers started puzzling over these same patterns. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, Digestive conditions and other medical conditions, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633265/, https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/b/bad-breath, https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/d/dry-mouth, https://www.kidney.org/blog/ask-doctor/i-can-smell-ammonia-and-it-feels-it-coming-back-my-nose-i-have-ckd-and-wondering-if, https://patient.info/news-and-features/what-causes-a-musty-smell-in-the-nose, https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/1215/p852.html, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lary.25647, https://acaai.org/allergies/types/sinus-infection, https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/smell-disorders, Gut microbiome appears to fluctuate throughout the day and across seasons, One-hour endoscopic procedure could eliminate the need for insulin for type 2 diabetes, New clues to slow aging? What to know about sweat. Aylıkcı, B. U., & olak, H. (2013). Several conditions are commonly associated with a bad smell inside the nose, and we cover many of them below. Many people report food smelling like garbage or sewage. From thefirstyearblog.com. Only 3% said the same in the control group. Hyposmia: Why do people lose their sense of smell? !" She tried to explain that she merely needed palatable options, including one or two sides that didnt contain bacon. Thats all I could smell, like it was living in my nose, the New Hampshire resident told the Herald. A perfume they think its an oil or they think its gas, said Constantine Sadeeh, Allergist Immunologist at Allergy A.R.T.S. Period, she said. A biologist explains what could be going on. The idea is to spell out your rights regarding healthcare, and the vote is Tuesday. Most commonly, the pain is due to an injury or sinusitis. A task force is looking to stop all COVID-19 vaccine mandates in Collier County. RESOURCES Or do the same with rubbing alcohol or your shampoo. Foods that require a lot of chewing, such as fiber-rich fruits and vegetables, can also promote saliva production. but 2020 ." Courtney Stensland on Instagram: "NEW COVID-19 "WHAT NOW? Have dental checkups and cleanings frequently. What causes mouth breathing? Also, although fairly benign conditions are usually behind a bad or unusual smell in the nose, it is rarely linked to more systemic or serious health conditions, which may include: The best way to treat a bad smell in the nose depends on the underlying condition. Because olfactory nerves in the nose directly impact our sense of taste, many patients who develop smell disorders also experience an altered sense of taste, as well. 52% of patients said they had the constant sensation. Theres little known about how to treat parosmia, or exactly how it happens. It's a term used to describe olfactory hallucinations -- that. This occurs when the virus attacks cells in the nose all the way to your brain that are in charge of smell. Those nerves send signals to the brain, which analyzes and interprets them as coffee or barbecued ribs.. If we see these patients, we would consider that a good sign. Barry Smith, founding director of the University of Londons Center for the Study of the Senses, said researchers have estimated that around 65% of those with COVID-19 lose their sense of smell. It could be days, months, years, or permanent. Doctors are increasingly seeing cases of parosmia a condition that makes normal scents. More and more stories are emerging of COVID-19 patients suffering from parosmia, which distorts a person's sense of smell. Saliva constantly removes unwanted microbes and particles from the mouth. The best course of action for those dealing with parosmia, the doctors say, is for people to simply do their best to stay away from all odors pleasant or not plug their noses, and wait it out. Certain foods and smells may become unbearable to you and even make you extremely nauseated., Migraines. Acute sinusitis typically lasts for around 38 weeks, while chronic cases can last for longer than 8 weeks. Smith of the University of London said the fact that most patients recover their sense of smell before developing parosmia is telling. One is that burning an orange over an open flame, mixing it with brown sugar and eating it will restore ones sense of smell. At this point in the pandemic, it is well-known that loss of taste and smell is a common symptom of COVID-19. Your taste and smell are connected by your olfactory system. skepticalmonique 1 yr. ago. Shes resumed drinking wine, coffee and eating meat, though the flavors remain different and sometimes still have that COVID smell, a term many people use to describe the revolting odor. Dr. Tanya Laidlaw said there have been a lot of shared experiences examined so far. Thats why your smell and taste are both affected. Neither will cure the disorder, said Chrissi Kelly, founder of AbScent, a British nonprofit that supports people with smell disorders. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Other common post-COVID phantom smells include vinegar, strong chemicals, and garbage. Many conditions that result in a bad smell in the nose have dehydration as their root cause. I smelt crispy bacon or burnt bacon 3 or 4 times a day during that time, said Aaliyah Thompson, who smelled bacon for six weeks. A large surge of cases has followed the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Long-haulers are smelling smoke, rotten vegetables, even feces, and it may be a while before it stops if it does. Although the recipe states that "the cookies won't spread much," they do. !" GUIDE that I never thought I'd ever make. Ms Oakley said people usually regain their sense of smell after Covid for a short. Seafood, cinnamon, bubble gum and hot peppers, for some reason, were well tolerated. How much liquid someone needs each day depends on their age, activity levels, and diet, among other factors. Her support group counts nearly 10,000 members, and she receives 100 or more new requests to join each day, she said. Foods like coffee, onion, meat, citrus, or garlic can trigger. Her coverage ranges from enterprising watchdog pieces to reporting from the sidelines of Patriots games. Coronavirus symptoms: A . Sinus or nasal infections that last longer than 710 days, for example, generally require antibiotic treatment for 328 days. A leading theory has been that, as the nerves regenerate over a period of several months, they rewire themselves incorrectly and send the wrong signals to the brain. Colin Allred to challenge Ted Cruz for Senate, sources say, Gov. why can i smell vinegar so well in sauces. Facebook support groups dedicated to parosmia and phantosmia, the clinical names for specific smell disorders, have grown drastically in the past few months. So can things like diabetesand nutritional deficiencies. As a consequence, patients may overeat (to try to get the pleasure back), undereat (why bother?) im violently confused. On Saturday night, veterans returned home to Southwest Florida after a trip to Arlington National Cemetery in Washington, D.C., courtesy of Lee-Collier Honor Flights. But that regeneration can take timeup to two years, or more. Those neurons then send a signal up the olfactory nerve into the brain, where it registers as the delicious smell of coffee or fresh cut grass. There, members commiserate, share tips and celebrate signs of recovery. You get so anxious, just not knowing where the next bad smell is going to come in, she said. blocked or runny nose sore throat, stuffy or runny nose loss of appetite diarrhoea feeling sick or being sick It's not possible to tell if you have Covid-19, flu or another respiratory. They are giving out teddy bears to every child who rides with them, aiming to ease ambulance tensions. If it comes and goes, it may be a sign of an underlying medical condition., Hyperosmia is an overwhelming sensitivity to smells. The fall air smells like garbage. You do not need to use all of the solution, but make a fresh batch each day do not reuse any left over from the day before. They no longer wake up and cant smell the coffee; because of parosmia, their coffee smells like burning rubber or sewage. Like Fish, they appear to recover eventually. Hyperosmia is a rare condition that can be difficult to diagnose. Volunteer for a phantosmia study if youre experiencing symptoms Meghan Ottolini is a multimedia journalist at the Boston Herald. There are a number of pretty well-known causes for loss of sense of smell. Your sense of smell is a very integral part of your self-awareness, he said. I just want it to be out of my body; get out! she said. A diminished sense of smell in old age is one reason older individuals are more prone to accidents, like fires caused by leaving burning food on the stove. To find out more about smell training, see: If you have lost your sense of smell, you may not be able to smell things like gas leaks, fires and food that's gone off. There is some evidence that certain cells in the lining of the nasal passages express a protein receptor, called ACE2, that the coronavirus uses it as a way to infiltrate the body. Cut back on foods and drinks that contribute to dehydration, such as coffee and alcohol. Were all just supposed to eat, like, a vegetarian meal? her husband asked. Biting into a pickle often provokes a sour response. Cavities usually arise due to tooth decay or gingivitis, which can include inflamed gums or gum disease. Without smell, I did not just lose my appreciation for a detail. When Cartell ordered in chicken wings one night, she locked herself in her office upstairs and stuffed a towel under the door. Place the oats in a blender or food processor and pulverize for 30 seconds to make oat flour. She previously worked as a senior editor at Scientific American and as a staff reporter, writer and editor at Newsweek magazine. Soon, Hutton, 26, a consultant from Dallas, realized the smells were triggered by some of her favorite things: coffee, chocolate, fresh fruit, cucumber, roasted meat, all cooked vegetables, her bath soap, her 3-year-old daughters skin, her husbands kiss. Everyone with phantosmia smells a slightly different scent, but most people experience something that smells: Phantosmia only affects around 1020% of people with smell disorders. That's why you'll need to find out if there's an underlying cause behind this change in smell and taste. Instead of smelling her food, she was overcome by a foul, and hard-to-describe scent. Bizarre new symptom of coronavirus makes, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Two Lawrence men arrested in connection to mass shooting investigation: Police, Bizarre new symptom of coronavirus makes everything smell awful. Why does this happen? Ron DeSantis official travel records secret. In rare cases it lasts even longer.. If its olfaction, its a bad smell rather than a good smell.. These include antibiotics if youre dealing with an infection. She holds a Master of Science degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Photo by Bill St. John. We are terrible at treating smell in medicine, Laidlaw said. Gasoline and the smell of burnt toast are very common, said Rodney Young, chairman of the family and community medicine at TTUHSC. All rights reserved. When it comes to how long phantosmia can last, it depends on the patient. Mix a teaspoon of salt and a teaspoon of baking soda (bicarbonate of soda) into the water. To make a saltwater rinse at home: Boil 460 milliliters of water, then leave to cool. But a related, rarer and more frightening side effect occurs for some: when taste and . Loss of sense of smell can be very disturbing, because eating is of our great pleasures in life. It could mean a more serious neurological disorder. Causes of lost or changed sense of smell. Cookie Policy CNN . Really weird but Im positive for covid and im having some strange smells occurring i never fully lost my taste or smell. What's wrong with breathing through the mouth? The emotional parts of it are really hard to explain when some of your favorite parts of life, like chocolate and coffee, are now all so distorted.. Dental issues can also increase the risk of developing plaque, which is a thick film of bacteria that can cause tooth decay and inflame the tissues between the teeth and gums (a condition called periodontitis). Typically, when we smell bad things, we cover it up with something else. It's very weird but I've had my sense of . She stopped cooking for her family and eating with them. When it comes to treatment options, experts say dont hold your breath. Sadeeh says there are some mechanisms that sometimes help this disorder. The transport team at Golisano Childrens Hospital is finding ways to make the ER ride less intimidating for young patients. Everything from chocolate to cucumbers, herbs and fresh cut grass, they all started smelling and tasting . These smells are a sign that youre about to have a seizure., Autoimmune diseases. Over the years, hes interviewed legendary figures in entertainment and tech that range from Stan Lee to John McAfee, Peter Thiel, and Reed Hastings. In a story on CNBC on an 11-year old girl suffering from parosmia, Ahmad Sedaghat, MD, PhD, associate professor and director of the . A treatment called smell training can help some people. Most of our ability to enjoy the taste and smell of food and drink relies on molecules traveling to the sinuses through a passageway near where the roof of the mouth connects to the nose. Fifth Sense (with support groups). Published online February 1 in the journal Cell, the new study finds that infection with the pandemic virus, SARS-CoV-2, indirectly dials down the action of olfactory receptors, proteins on the surfaces of nerve cells in the nose that detect the molecules associated with odors. A species of bacteria usually causes sinusitis, though viruses, fungi, and molds can also cause it. We dont really know why this happens with COVID-19. Researchers worldwide have been working at warp speed to unravel the mysteries of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a flurry of preprints and shared data, with a spotlight on the chemical senses, a niche and often overlooked area of study. They seem to be novel smells created by the brain. She inhales the aroma from essential oils in an effort to beat parosmia, a smell distortion triggered by COVID-19. She suffered smell loss and parosmia in 2012 after developing a sinus infection. 5. Another idea is that your brain isnt getting any signals from your nose, so its filling in the gaps. (2012). If you have a high temperature or you do not feel well enough to do your normal activities, try to stay at home and avoid contact with other people until you feel better. Last medically reviewed on June 28, 2019, Sinusitis is a complication of a cold. We now know that theres a molecular basis for this horrible thing that parosmics are suffering from.. Tufts Now talked to Schwob about what we know about viruses and their effects on sense of smell. This assertive smell, my uninvited companion for almost two days, is inside my head, not out. Repeat these steps a few times to see if it helps. Two-thirds up to 80% of people [with covid] will lose their taste or smell, but it will eventually go away. We dont want to lose that when we have so few pleasures left to us now that were stuck at home. Studies have shown that a loss or impairment of smell significantly correlates with depression, and it is easy to see why. Chew sugarless gum for 5 minutes after meals. Brush the teeth with a fluoride-based toothpaste for 2 minutes twice daily. Back in 2000, colleagues and I published two papers looking at a different coronavirus, called mouse hepatitis virus. There are many reasons behind this change in smell. A safe space for people who are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Abbott criticized for dehumanizing victims of mass shooting by calling them illegal, Texas college baseball player shot during game, Man fatally shot by Dallas police wounded 2 relatives before shooting cop, dog, chief says, Developer proposes new apartments near Dallas Fair Park, Landmark Texas home becomes most expensive on the market with $60M price tag, Luxury North Dallas rental community sells to national investor, Forest Hill widow facing eviction for I-20 widening gets deadline extension, Texas latest mass shooting is about guns, not immigration, How Dallas video game icon Randy Pitchford became the new owner of Hollywoods Magic Castle, American Airlines pilots authorize strike as carrier says a contract deal is near, Cowboys 2023 undrafted free agent tracker: See which players Dallas added after NFL draft.
Deserie Cockfosters Website,
Phillip Sarofim Car Collection,
Which Of The Following Statements About Probation Is False?,
Articles W